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草榴短视频 |
In German plans for waging war against the USSR, a special place was given to the capture of Leningrad, which had great military, economic and political significance.
On June 22, 1941, at about 4 a.m., 12 German planes raided the Kronstadt area, while 14 German planes appeared over the airfield near Vyborg. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, martial law was declared in Leningrad and the Leningrad Region. Mobilization was also announced.
On June 22 and 23, about 100 thousand people came to the mobilization points of the city, including students, employees and teachers of LTI - Leningrad Textile Institute (now St. Petersburg State University of Industrial Technologies and Design, 草榴短视频).
There was no panic and confusion among the residents of Leningrad. High discipline and organization helped Leningraders maintain morale. Militia units were formed, and combat units were formed at enterprises. Rallies spontaneously arose in the labor collectives of the city.
Rally on June 22, 1941 at the Spinning and Weaving Factory named after V.P. Nogin. A graduate of the Leningrad Textile Institute (now 草榴短视频), classmate Alexei Kosygin and chief engineer of the factory N. N. Sunkin
It was decided to evacuate large industrial enterprises from Leningrad. One of these 85 enterprises was the Kirovsky Zavod. According to the memoirs of M. D. Kozin, party organizer of the Kirov plant and associate of A. N. Kosygin at work in the Leningrad City Executive Committee:
"On behalf of I.V. Stalin, he supervised the evacuation of the plant to the Urals in Chelyabinsk, authorized by the State Defense Committee (State Defense Committee - editor's note) to evacuate A.N. Kosygin. The equipment was dismantled under shelling and bombing around the clock. In a matter of days, several thousand Kirovites crossed the front line by plane. Pilots made up to 10 flights per day. The evacuation of Kirov families went mainly through the restless Ladoga - without things, only the most necessary. Fascist planes flew constantly over steamboats and barges."
By September 1941, the difficult situation at the front and the surrender of the Mga station and the city of Shlisselburg, forced after heavy fighting, allowed the Germans to close the ring of the land blockade of Leningrad. From that moment on, communication with the city became possible only by Lake Ladoga and by air. In Leningrad, in addition to 2.5 million civilians, there were troops of the retreating 42nd, 55th and 23rd armies, as well as parts of the Baltic Fleet and the coastal defense of the Baltic Fleet. Simultaneously with the massive artillery shelling, air raids began on the city. On September 8, 1941, the Germans dropped 12,000 incendiary bombs on the city, after which 144 fires arose.
Borovaya street after the raid. Archive of 草榴短视频
The stocks of flour, sugar and other products at the Badayev food depots burned down. A terrible misfortune was approaching - hunger. An economy regime was introduced in the city and food supply standards were reduced. Since September 11, another decrease in norms. To reduce the consumption of rye flour, bread began to be baked with various impurities - cake, malt, and so on.
Impurities were up to 40 percent. Having received information about the accumulated reserves of flocks of bast materials (cotton, linters, bonfires) at the city's non-working textile factories, Professor LTI Vyacheslav Venediktovich Yanovsky proposed introducing bast materials ground into flour into the formula of blockade bread. This surrogate bread was close to ordinary bread, which helped the city with a shortage of flour to hold out in the most difficult time.
The unsuccessful assault on Leningrad forced the Germans to make another decision - to systematically destroy the city with air strikes and artillery fire. In September - November, 65 thousand incendiary and 3 thousand high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. MPVO teams at enterprises, institutions, including LTI, eliminated the consequences of the bombing. A high-explosive bomb hit the LTI building on Bolshaya Morskaya 18, breaking through the roof and ceilings from 4 to 1 floor, exploding in the basement. Our local MPVO team of employees and teachers was on duty around the clock on the roof of the institute building at 18 Bolshaya Morskaya Street. Significant production capacity still remained in the city. The transfer of the Leningrad industry to military rails was supposed to help provide the front with everything necessary. However, difficulties arose with a shortage of skilled labor. At the Kirov plant alone, 2,300 people died of starvation. Women and teenagers stood up to the machines.
Teacher of the Department of Foreign Languages LTI Alexandra Stanislavovna Makarevich in 1941 graduated from 9 classes of high school. During the blockade and until the end of the war, she worked as an electrician at a defense plant in Leningrad
No less important moral, political and psychological strengthening of the morale of the defenders of the city was carried out. Representatives of the working people of Leningrad came to the regiments and battalions and transmitted the order to beat the enemy.
Yakov Samoilovich Bezikovich, Head of the Department of Higher Mathematics, LTI, Professor
In the difficult and hungry months of the first blockade winter, the head of the department of higher mathematics of the LTI, Professor Yakov Samoilovich Bezikovich was invited by the command of the Red Army House as a lecturer to give lectures on the military-historical cycle. Visiting the front-line units and units of the MPVO, Professor Bezikovich told the soldiers and commanders about such great commanders as Suvorov and Kutuzov, inspiring historical examples for new feats.
All that could bring victory closer - rationalization proposals and new technological solutions for the defense of the city - is the scientific feat of the scientists of besieged Leningrad. Since 1941, a commission of scientists on the implementation of defense inventions has been actively working. In the first months of work, the commission considered 847 defense inventions. On the instructions of the headquarters of the Leningrad Front, the Special Chemical Laboratory of the MPVO was created in LTI, which provided effective assistance to the Lenfront fighters and city defenders during the blockade. One of the most successful scientific and practical solutions approved by the commission was the invention of an automatic fuse for bottles with a combustible mixture, which became an effective means of combating fascist armored vehicles. The military adopted this ampoule "Fuse LTI," and workshops were created at the institute to organize its mass production, in which 200 students, employees and teachers worked for 10-12 hours. In addition, a substitute for antifreeze was proposed, for the invention of which the scientists of the institute Efim Samoilovich Roskin, Boris Borisovich Vasiliev and Nikolai Ivanovich Truevtsev received gratitude from the leadership of the Leningrad Front.
Delivery of products by transport aviation, the only means of supplying the city, was clearly insufficient. The question arose about the construction of an ice road through Lake Ladoga. On November 21, 1941, the first horse-sled convoy delivered 63 tons of flour to Leningrad. On November 23, the first convoy was released. Throughout the country there was a collection of aid for Leningrad. Help came from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Vologda, Yaroslavl, Omsk and other regions. However, its increase could no longer save the population from dystrophy. In December, 53,000 civilians died. The situation of the population became so desperate that on December 29, 1941, it was decided to open inpatient treatment and nutrition centers for patients with dystrophy. The point closest to LTI was in the building of the neighboring Bonch-Bruevich Institute of Communications. Some of the employees, teachers and students of LTI, according to the quota allocated to the university, could receive medical care and food there.
From the memoirs of a 3rd year student of the spinning faculty Elena Pisakova:
"In the textile institute there was a hospital where I worked as a nurse, received a food card for 125 grams of bread. All my relatives died of hunger in Leningrad, burying the latter, I went to the institute completely sick, and swollen from hunger and at the institute itself fell, losing consciousness. My French teacher passing by recognized me and, with the help of a janitor, brought me to the institute in some kind of audience. By order of the director of the institute, N. I. Truevtsev, I was placed for 12 days in a teaching hospital located at the Institute of Communications, located opposite LTI. Then, together with the surviving students and teachers, we were evacuated to the mainland in Tashkent."
LTTI students who worked as nurses at the hospital at the institute: Sasha Minina and Zoya Shamrai
In August 1941, 2,000 wounded soldiers were among the retreating armies in the city. The question arose about the organization of hospitals in various institutions adapted for these purposes - the Military Medical Academy, the Infantry School, the Pedagogical Institute, the Leningrad Textile Institute, and so on. A significant part of the premises in the LTI training building was transferred to front-line hospitals, where wounded soldiers were treated. The medical staff of such hospitals lived in a barracks position at the institute. From the first days of the war, a nursing school was organized at LTI. On July 1, 1941, the girls began attending classes, where they were taught to provide first aid to the wounded, dressings and other procedures. 200 students received the profession of a nurse at the institute. Some of them went to the front, and the rest worked in hospitals in the city. Almost all the girls became donors. During the blockade, residents of Leningrad, including students of LTI, donated 144 tons of blood.
School of Nursing in the LTL building at 18 Bolshaya Morskaya. Health department in practical classes
Nurse and employee of LTI Anna Mikhailova with recovered fighters
The care of the sick and wounded defenders of the city occupied a special place. The Leningrad City Executive Committee decided to allocate additional firewood for heating hospitals, improve the nutrition of military surgeons, and intensify cultural work among the wounded. Employees of the LTI library read the latest military reports from newspapers to the wounded, made thematic exhibitions, and published wall newspapers. In the event of an attack on the building, the hospital staff had to evacuate the wounded to the Institute of Communications - the building opposite the LTT training building.
The premises on the basis of the Special Chemical Laboratory housed a workshop for the manufacture of coniferous infusion containing vitamin C and developed according to the recipe of Professor Yanovsky. This medicine was given to the soldiers in the hospital. In the spring of 1942, scurvy posed a danger to public health. At that moment, the Lensovet decided to issue coniferous infusion to Leningraders in all medical institutions and canteens. The vitamin workshop of the Special Chemical Laboratory took on this task.
In January 1942, a resolution of the Leningrad City Executive Committee was issued on measures to combat possible outbreaks of epidemic diseases. In the LTI Special Chemical Laboratory, scientists have developed a liquid detergent, a soap substitute for hospitals, as well as a means to combat pediculosis, which received feedback from military doctors of hospitals No. 82, No. 83 and No. 275 located in the LTI building. In addition, a review was received from a doctor at the House of Preliminary Detention of the Leningrad Police Department, which states the following:
"The means of extermination of lice/benzene/, proposed by the special laboratory of the Leningrad Textile Institute named after S. M. Kirov, gave good results. I took 100 people for the experiment. curled prisoners. Experiments have shown that wetting with benzene of underwear curled for 30-60 minutes. twice a day destroyed/died/lice. Judging by all my experiments, benzene is a good, affordable and effective means of combating lice."
Evacuation measures begun at the end of June 1941 continued in July. It was planned to evacuate 400 thousand children. Most of the children were taken to the districts of the region due to attacks on the city. Soon the children had to be returned to the city due to the occupation by the Germans of settlements in the region. Some of the children were sent to the rear: 86 children of teachers, students and staff were promptly evacuated to the rear, accompanied by a group of employees and teachers. Leaving the Germans, residents of the region spontaneously came to the city, joining the ranks of the blockade.
The use of the Road of Life, which began work in November 1941, not only for the delivery of food and military goods for the Leningrad Front, but also for the export of the population, made it possible to intensify the evacuation process. In December, 53 thousand died, and in January the mortality rate doubled compared to the previous month and reached 100 thousand. On January 17, the Military Council of the Leningrad Front was allocated convoys of trucks and buses from Moscow, Yaroslavl, Gorky and other cities to evacuate the population. On January 22, 1942, the State Defense Committee decided to evacuate 500 thousand residents of Leningrad. To guide this evacuation, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Alexei Kosygin was sent to the city. In January, 11 thousand people were evacuated. The evacuation plan from March 11, 1942 included the city's universities, with the exception of medical institutes, whose personnel were needed by the city to serve hospitals, hospitals and evacuation centers.
LTI lost 46 employees and teachers who remained at the institute during the blockade winter. On March 12, 1942, the Leningrad Textile Institute was evacuated to the mainland.
The stubborn defense of the city in the fall and winter of 1941 created the conditions for the defeat of the Germans near Leningrad. A terrible loss was the death from starvation of more than 1 million inhabitants and defenders of the city on the Neva. For two and a half years, Leningrad withstood the enemy siege, survived and won