ࡱ> 5@ Tbjbj22;XX0$ $ $ $ $ $ $ 8 ,,,8,/t8 J0000.^0^0^0U1U1U1$NR$ h2U1U1h2h2$ $ ^0^0~~~h2B$ ^0$ ^0~h2~"~$ $ g^0$0 ;Y,,u s`0 L}< g8 8 $ $ $ $ g $ {\U101"~11U1U1U18 8 ,~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ofmann, Museum fr Gestaltung Zrich, 2003), 0@CH0O ?@028;0: ?;0:0BK 1C@=KE 80-E 2 (259F0@88 (Breaking the Rules: Posters from the Turbulent 80s in Switzerland, Museum fr Gestaltung Zrich, 2007), .-. >75: ?@8:;04=0O 3@0D8:0 (R. P. Lohse: Applied Graphics, Museum fr Gestaltung Zrich, 1999  2000), $5AB820;L ?;0:0B0 8 3@0D8G5A:>3> 8A:CAAB20 (Festival de l'Affiche et du Graphisme, Chaumont, 2008), . 0C<15@35@  ?8>=5@ @5:;0<K (O. Baumberger  Advertising Pioneer, Museum fr Gestaltung Zrich, 2009), %>@>H89 48709=, E>@>H89 187=5A. (259F0@A:89 3@0D8G5A:89 48709= 8 @5:;0<0 :><?0=88 Geigy, 1940-1970 (Good Design, Good Business. Swiss Graphic Design and Advertising by Geigy, 1940-1970, Museum fr Gestaltung Zrich, 2009); 8 2 !(: @0D8G5A:89 48709= . MBB5@0 (The Graphic Designs of H. Matter, The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1991), (259F0@A:89 ?;0:0B: 8A:CAAB2> 45AOB8 <0AB5@>2 (The Swiss Poster: Art of Ten Masters, Hofstra University, New York, 2002), (259F0@A:89 48709=  B@048F8>==> ?5@54>2>9 (Swiss Design - Traditionally Progressive, Totem Gallery, New York, 2003), (@8DB + $>B> + @0D8:0 + (259F0@A:89 = ;0:0BK (Type + Foto + Grafik + Swiss = Posters, University of Akron, Ohio, 2005), (259F0@A:89 3@0D8G5A:89 48709=: B>G=>ABL 8 2K?@02:0 (Swiss Graphic Design: Precision and Presence, Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, 2009). -B8 2KAB02:8 ?>:070;8 =0;8G85 CAB>9G82>3> ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> 8=B5@5A0 : 87CG5=8N =0A;548O H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0. 7CG5=85 70@C156=>9 8AB>@8>3@0D88 8AA;54C5<>9 ?@>1;5<0B8:8 A>AB028;> 3;02=CN >?>@C =0AB>OI59 @01>BK. !@548 <>=>3@0D89, ?>A25I5==KE @0728B8N H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0, ;81> B2>@G5AB2C 55 ?@54AB028B5;59, A;54C5B 2K45;8BL @01>BK . 0:;8=0 (R. McLean, 1990; 1997), -. %59F0 (A.V. Heiz, 2000), . %>;;8A0 (R. Hollis, 2006), . 5@A5;;0 (K.W. Purcell, 2006), . 5 C;LB@5 (M. F. Le Coultre, 2007) 8 -. 5@28A0 (A.W. Purvis, 2003). B45;L=K5 3;02K, ;81> @0745;K 2 >1I8E B@C40E, ?>A2OI5==K5 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:5, ?@8=04;560B $. 533AC (P.. Meggs, 1998), !. %5;;5@C (S. Heller, 2000; 2008), . M107C (R. Labuz, 1991), . ;M:25;C (L. Blackwell, 1998) 8 @O4C 4@C38E 8AB>@8:>2 48709=0. 5<0;>206=K AB0BL8, >?C1;8:>20==K5 2 6C@=0;0E Gebrauchsgraphik (Mnchen, 1924  1944; 1950  1971), Novum Gebrauchsgraphik (Mnchen, 1972  1996), Graphis (Zrich, 1967  1986) 8 5653>4=8:5 Graphis posters (Zrich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ie Form >1AC640;8AL =>259H85 4>AB865=8O 2 >1;0AB8 ?5G0B=>9 @5:;0<K 8 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0, 2KA:07K20;8AL <=5=8O >1 020=30@4=KE <0AB5@0E ?;0:0B0 8 B8?>3@0D8:8. @54AB02;O5BAO 70:>=><5@=K<, GB> >A=>2=K5 B5>@5B8G5A:85 ?>;>65=8O =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 1K;8 AD>@<C;8@>20=K <564C 1923 8 1928 33., 3;02=K< >1@07><, 2 5@<0=88. !>1AB25==> ?>=OB85 =>20O B8?>3@0D8:0 2 @07=K5 3>4K ?>O2;O;>AL C @07=KE 02B>@>2, >4=0:> >4=8< 87 ?5@2KE 53> C?>B@518; . >E>9-04L 2 MAA5 >20O B8?>3@0D8:0 (Die neue Typographie, 1923). -B> MAA5 AB0;> ?5@2K< 2 @O4C <=>38E AB0B59 8 <0=8D5AB>2, ?>A2OI5==KE =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:5.  B5:AB5 >E>9-04O B8?>3@0D8:0 @0AA<0B@820;0AL :0: G0ABL >1I59 :C;LBC@K A>2@5<5==>AB8 8 ?@>4C:B EC4>65AB25==>3> <8@>2>77@5=8O M?>E8. ?>A;54AB288 8<5==> 0CE0C7 70=8<0; 254CI85 ?>78F88 ?> ?>43>B>2:5 <0AB5@>2 =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, A@548 :>B>@KE 1K;8 :0: =5<5F:85, B0: 8 H259F0@A:85 48709=5@K-3@0D8:8. >;LH8< H03>< : =0E>645=8N >1I8E :@8B5@852 0@E8B5:BC@K 8 A>2@5<5==>3> 48709=0 2 :>=B5:AB5 <8@>2>3> EC4>65AB25==>3> ?@>F5AA0 1K; :@C?=59H89 ?@>5:B C75O A>2@5<5==>3> 8A:CAAB20 2 LN->@:5 !>2@5<5==0O 0@E8B5:BC@0: <564C=0@>4=0O 2KAB02:0 (Modern Architecture: International Exhibition, 1931). C@0B>@0<8 ?@>5:B0 2KABC?8;8 $. 6>=A>= 8 .- . %8G:>:.  @0<:0E M:A?>78F88 8<8 1K;0 2K45;5=0 3@C??0 ?@>872545=89 A>2@5<5==>9 0@E8B5:BC@K, :>B>@CN 1K;> ?@54;>65=> AG8B0BL >1@07F0<8 =>2>3> <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O.  1932 3. 2 A25B 2KH;0 8E A>2<5AB=0O :=830 564C=0@>4=K9 AB8;L: 0@E8B5:BC@0 ?>A;5 1922 3>40.  =59 02B>@K 2K428=C;8 B@8 206=59H8E MAB5B8G5A:8E ?@8=F8?0 <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O: C?>B@51;5=85 ?;>A:>AB=KE M;5<5=B>2 4;O D>@<8@>20=8O ?@>AB@0=AB20, F5;5A>>1@07=K9 ?>@O4>: :0: ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL A8<<5B@88 8, =0:>=5F, ?@8>@8B5B=>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 A8AB5< ?@>?>@F8>=8@>20=8O :0: 0;LB5@=0B82K >@=0<5=B0< 8 4@C38< A@54AB20< 45:>@0B82=>3> >D>@<;5=8O. 1.2. >=F5?F8O =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 2 B@C40E /. '8E>;L40. "2>@G5A:0O 18>3@0D8O <0AB5@0 /=0 '8E>;L40 (1902  1974) A?@0254;82> AG8B0NB A>740B5;5< C=825@A0;L=>9, :>=F5?BC0;L=> >A<KA;5==>9 8 DC=:F8>=0;L=> >1>A=>20==>9 ?;0BD>@<K =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8. 0 2AN 687=L 8< 1K;> >?C1;8:>20=> 1>;55 175 ?5G0B=KE @01>B, 2 B>< G8A;5 45AOB:8 :=83, @C:>2>4AB2 8 AB0B59 2 A?5F80;878@>20==KE 8740=8OE.  1923 3. /. '8E>;L4 ?>A5B8; 2KAB02:C 0CE0C70 2 59<0@5, 345 2?5@2K5 C2845; @01>BK . 095@0, .. (<84B0, . >E>9-04O, . (;5<<5@0, . ;L15@A0 8 . &20@B0. A:>@5 ?@>87>H;> 7=0:><AB2> /. '8E>;L40 A -. 8A8F:8<, ". 20= CA1C@3><, . >E>9-045< 8 . (28BB5@A><, - <0AB5@0<8, =0?@02;O2H8<8 E>4 @0728B8O 020=30@4=>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 =0G0;0 1920-E 33. "5>@5B8G5A:85 273;O4K /. '8E>;L40, A;>682H85AO 2 MB>B ?5@8>4, 1K;8 87;>65=K 2 ?@>3@0<<=>9 AB0BL5 -;5<5=B0@=0O B8?>3@0D8:0 (Elementare Typographie, 1925). =0 AB0;0 ?5@2>9 A@548 :;NG52KE B5>@5B8G5A:8E @01>B, 2 :>B>@KE '8E>;L4 :>48D8F8@>20; ?@8=F8?K =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8. B45;L=K5 ?>;>65=8O AB0BL8 /. '8E>;L40 8;;NAB@8@>20;8AL @01>B0<8 -. 8A8F:>3>, . >E>9-04O, . (28BB5@A0 8 . 095@0. A>1>5 2=8<0=85 /. '8E>;L4 C45;8; EC4>65AB25==>9 ?>MB8:5 AC?@5<0B87<0 8 =5>?;0AB8F87<0, 2K@065==>9 2 ?@8>@8B5B5 M;5<5=B0@=KE D>@< :0: <0B5@80;0 D>@<>AB@>5=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, /. '8E>;L4 A8=B578@>20; 020=30@4=K5 EC4>65AB25==K5 ?@8=F8?K, AD>@<C;8@>20==K5 254CI8<8 =>20B>@0<8 8A:CAAB20 2 1919  1923 33., 8 040?B8@>20; 8E : ?@0:B8:5 B8?>3@0D8:8. 8709=5@ ?>4G5@:820;, GB> =>20O B8?>3@0D8:0 >A=>2K205BAO =0 ?@0:B8:5 @CAA:>3> AC?@5<0B87<0, 3>;;0=4A:>3> =5>?;0AB8F87<0 8 >A>15==> :>AB@C:B8287<0.  F5;><, 273;O4K /. '8E>;L40 1K;8 ?>43>B>2;5=K 845O<8 254CI8E B5>@5B8:>2 8A:CAAB20, 2KA:07K202H8<AO =0 52@>?59A:>9 EC4>65AB25==>9 AF5=5 2 1920-5 33. "0:, 5 >@1N7L5 B@0:B>20; 8=65=5@=>5 A>25@H5=AB2> :0: =>2K9 :@8B5@89 ?@>872545=8O 8A:CAAB20. 0: ?>:070;0 KAB02:0 =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 (Ausstellung neue Typographie, 075;L, 1927 - 1928), 55 ?@8=F8?K ?>;CG0;8 2A5 1>;55 H8@>:>5 @0A?@>AB@0=5=85 A@548 =5<5F:8E 8 H259F0@A:8E <0AB5@>2.  :0B0;>35 1K;0 AD>@<C;8@>20=0 F5;L >@30=870B>@>2  ?@54AB028BL =>2CN B8?>3@0D8:C :0: ?>?C;O@=>5 =0?@02;5=85 A>2@5<5==>3> 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0. 2B>@K ?8A0;8, GB>, ?>4>1=> A>2@5<5==><C AB8;N 2 0@E8B5:BC@5, =>2K9 3@0D8G5A:89 AB8;L AB@5<8BAO 1KBL DC=:F8>=0;L=K<, >1J5:B82=K< 8 <8=8<0;8AB8G=K< 2 A2>8E A@54AB20E; >= >B25@305B A8<<5B@8N 8 ?@54?>;0305B :>=B@0AB=>5 A>?>AB02;5=85 =081>;55 =0?@O65==KE ?> 2K@078B5;L=>AB8 D@03<5=B>2 A =570?5G0B0==K<8 ?@>AB@0=AB20<8.  1928 3. 2 5@;8=5 2KH;0 ?@>3@0<<=0O @01>B0 /. '8E>;L40  >20O B8?>3@0D8:0: @C:>2>4AB2> 4;O A>2@5<5==KE 48709=5@>2 (Die neue Typographie: Ein Handbuch fr Zeitgemss Schaffende).  48AA5@B0F88 2?5@2K5 40= @0725@=CBK9 ?>3;02=K9 0=0;87 <>=>3@0D88, 0=3;>O7KG=K9 ?5@52>4 :>B>@>9 1K; >?C1;8:>20= B>;L:> 2 1995 3.  =59, 2 G0AB=>AB8, CB25@640;>AL, GB> =>20O 8=4CAB@80;L=0O :C;LBC@0 2545B : @54C:F88 D>@<K : DC=:F88, : :>=AB@C:F88, 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, : 8:>=>;>3>G5A:>9 0=>=8<=>AB8 ?@>872545=8O. !CBL =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, A>3;0A=> '8E>;L4C,  OA=>ABL,  A;54AB285 M:>=><88 8 =5>1E>48<>5 CA;>285 1KAB@>3> 8 @57C;LB0B82=>3> 2>A?@8OB8O B>3> >3@><=>3> :>;8G5AB20 ?5G0B=KE <0B5@80;>2, :>B>@K< >7=0<5=>20;0AL =>20O B5E=>;>38G5A:0O M?>E0. G5@G820O 2>7<>6=>AB8 =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 2 ?@0:B8G5A:>< 0A?5:B5, /. '8E>;L4 >1@0I05B 2=8<0=85 =0 CA8;5=85 55 DC=:F8>=0;L=>3> ?>B5=F80;0. !C<<8@CO 55 2>7<>6=>AB8 :0: 8=AB@C<5=B0;L=>9 A8AB5<K, 02B>@ ?>4G5@:8205B =0F5;5==>ABL =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 =0 @0F8>=0;870F8N ?@>F5AA0 GB5=8O: B5:AB>2>9 =01>@ :>>@48=8@C5BAO B0:8< >1@07><, GB> 3;07 =0?@02;O5BAO >B >4=>3> A;>20 8 3@C??K A;>2 : 4@C3>9. >38G5A:0O >@30=870F8O B5:AB0 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO ?>A@54AB2>< :>=B@0AB0 @07=KE :53;59, =0AKI5==>AB8 H@8DB0, ?@>AB@0=AB25==KE 8=B5@20;>2, F25B0 8 B.4. @8<5=OO : A2>59 A8AB5<5 B5@<8= B8?>3@0D8:0 0A8<<5B@88, /. '8E>;L4 0:F5=B8@C5B A2O70==K5 A 0A8<<5B@859 ?@8>1@5B5=8O =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8. 4=> 87 =8E  2>7@>AH0O @>;L ?CAB>3> D>=0, :>B>@K9 AB0=>28BAO 0:B82=K< :><?>=5=B>< >1I59 :><?>78F88. >20O B8?>3@0D8:0 ?@5>1@07C5B =59B@0;L=K9 ?@5645 D>= 2 B0:>9 65 459AB25==K9 D>@<0;L=K9 M;5<5=B, :0:8< O2;O5BAO =01>@=K9 <0B5@80;. 06=59H89 2>?@>A 2 :=835 /. '8E>;L40  8A?>;L7>20=85 H@8DB0 2 ?@0:B8:5 =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8. 8709=5@ >B<5G05B =5?@85<;5<>ABL 8A?>;L7>20=8O >@=0<5=B0;L=KE H@8DB>2 A B>G:8 7@5=8O 8E @071>@G82>AB8 8 G8AB>BK D>@<K, A@548 4>?CAB8<KE =07K20NBAO 3@>B5A:>2K5 30@=8BC@K.  2>?@>A5 8;;NAB@0B82=>3> A>?@>2>645=8O ?5G0B=KE <0B5@80;>2 <0AB5@ >B<5G05B 2KA>:CN 8=D>@<0B82=>ABL D>B>3@0D88, 55 ?@83>4=>ABL 4;O @5?>@B06=KE 8 4>:C<5=B0;L=KE <0B5@80;>2, 0 B0:65 4;O @5:;0<=KE >1JO2;5=89.  F5;><, /. '8E>;L4 ?@>3=>78@C5B =0ABC?;5=85 =>2>9 M@K D>B>3@0D88.  1933 3. /. '8E>;L4 1K; 2K=C645= M<83@8@>20BL 2 (259F0@8N (075;L). 45AL 1K;0 >?C1;8:>20=0 53> B@5BLO :;NG520O <>=>3@0D8O >;83@0D8G5A:>5 >D>@<;5=85 (Typographische Gestaltung, 1935). A:>@5 2 B2>@G5A:>< <5B>45 /. '8E>;L40 ?@>87>H5; @048:0;L=K9 ?5@5;><  >B:07 >B ?@8=F8?>2 =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, ?@825@65==>ABL :;0AA8G5A:>9 <>45;8 B8?>3@0D8:8, >A=>20==>9 =0 A8<<5B@88. B=K=5 '8E>;L4 1K; =081>;55 ?>A;54>20B5;L=K< 8 C15645==K< :@8B8:>< <>45@=8ABA:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8. @3C<5=BK ?@>B82 =55 =>A8;8 E0@0:B5@ =@02AB25==>-?>;8B8G5A:>9 >F5=:8. AO ?>A;54CNI0O 45OB5;L=>ABL /. '8E>;L40 1K;0 =0?@02;5=0 =0 2>72@0I5=85 B8?>3@0D8:8 : :;0AA8G5A:8< F5==>ABO< 3C<0=87<0 8 :0;;83@0D88. 5OB5;L=>ABL /. '8E>;L40 >B:@K;0 A>1>9 =>2CN M?>EC 2> 273;O40E =0 3@0D8G5A:89 48709=, ?>A:>;L:C @5D>@<8@>20;0 >B=>H5=85 : 3;02=K< :><<C=8:0B82=K< <5E0=87<0< B8?>3@0D8:8. ;020 II. !B0=>2;5=85 8 @0728B85 H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 (1930  1960-5 33.) 2.1. :B82870F8O 2KAB02>G=>3> ?@>F5AA0 2 (259F0@88 2 1920  1930-5 33. 8 8=B5@=0F8>=0;L=K5 2;8O=8O >=5F 1920-E  ?5@20O ?>;>28=0 1930-E 33. 2 (259F0@88 >7=0<5=>20;8AL F8:;>< 2KAB02>: ?@>872545=89 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0. > <=>3>< 1;03>40@O 2KAB02>G=><C 42865=8N : A5@548=5 1930-E 33. (259F0@8O AB0;0 254CI8< F5=B@>< @0728B8O =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 2 2@>?5, 0::C<C;8@CO 2 A515 8=B53@0F8>==K5 ?@>F5AAK <>45@=8ABA:>3> 8A:CAAB20 8 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0. 5>3@0D8G5A:0O 8 O7K:>20O >1I=>ABL (259F0@88 8 5@<0=88 A?>A>1AB2>20;8 >A>1>9 8=B5=A82=>AB8 :C;LBC@=KE A2O759 42CE AB@0=, 2 @57C;LB0B5 1K;0 ?>43>B>2;5=0 ?>G20 4;O 2>7=8:=>25=8O H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0. KAB02:8 1920  1930-E 33. AB0;8 4;O H259F0@A:8E 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2 206=K< 8AB>G=8:>< 8=B5@=0F8>=0;L=>3> :>=F5?BC0;L=>3> >?KB0 8 >BG0AB8 >1A?5G8;8 2>7>1=>2;5=85 ?@5@20==>3> 2 5@<0=88 @0728B8O =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8.  1927 3. 2 <C755 @5<5A5; 075;O ?@>H;0 ?5@20O 2KAB02:0, ?>7=0:><82H0O H259F0@A:CN ?C1;8:C A =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:>9. KAB02:0 >20O B8?>3@0D8:0 (Die neue Typographie) 45<>=AB@8@>20;0 3;02=K< >1@07>< @01>BK =5<5F:8E 8 H259F0@A:8E <0AB5@>2.  1930 3. 2 075;5 ?@>H;0 1>;55 :@C?=0O 2KAB02:0 ?>4 =0720=85< >2K9 48709= @5:;0<K (Neue Werbegraphik). @30=870B>@>< 2KAB02:8 2KABC?8; /. '8E>;L4.  1929 3. CAA:0O 2KAB02:0 (Russische Ausstellung) 2 &N@8E5 ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;0 @01>BK A>25BA:8E :>=AB@C:B828AB>2 -. 8A8F:>3>, . ;CF8A0, !. !5=L:8=0, !. "5;8=30B5@0.  1933 3. 2 (259F0@88 ?@>H;8 A@07C 425 :@C?=K5 2KAB02:8: A:CAAB2> ?;0:0B0 075;O (Baseler Plakat-Kunst, 075;L) 8 564C=0@>4=0O 2KAB02:0 ?;0:0B0 (Internationale Plakat Ausstellung, &N@8E). KAB02:8 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 1930-E 33. ?@>E>48;8 2 F5=B@0;L=KE 3>@>4A:8E <C75OE 075;O 8 &N@8E0. -B> A2845B5;LAB2>20;> > A8;L=>9 ?@825@65==>AB8 <5AB=KE EC4>65AB25==KE :@C3>2 ?@>3@5AA82=K< 845O< =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 8, 2 F5;><, <>45@=8ABA:><C 3@0D8G5A:><C 48709=C. 4=0:> 8=B5@5A : A>2@5<5==><C 3@0D8G5A:><C 48709=C ?@>O2;O;0 =5 B>;L:> EC4>65AB25==0O >1I5AB25==>ABL, => 8 187=5A. !2845B5;LAB2>< MB>3> AB0; :><<5@G5A:89 D>@C< >;83@0D8G5A:0O 2KAB02:0-O@<0@:0 (Graphische Fachausstellung), 42064K ?@>E>482H89 2 &N@8E5 (1934, 1935). "@5BLO 2KAB02:0 Grafa A>AB>O;0AL 2 075;5 (1936). C@0B>@>< 8=>AB@0==>3> A5:B>@0 2KAB02:8 1K; /. '8E>;L4. @C?=59H59 D83C@>9 2 AD5@5 H259F0@A:>3> 2KAB02>G=>3> 48709=0 O2;O;AO 0:A 8;; (1908  1994)  8725AB=K9 0@E8B5:B>@, 48709=5@ 8 ?5403>3. 01>BK <0AB5@0 8<5;8 =587<5==K9 CA?5E C ?C1;8:8. #65 2 1935 3. 8;;C 2<5AB5 A . 5E>< 1K;> ?>@CG5=> >D>@<;5=85 M:A?>78F88 !>25B0 ?> BC@87<C 2 H259F0@A:>< ?028;L>=5 =0 @NAA5;LA:>9 564C=0@>4=>9 2KAB02:5 1935 3.  1936 3. 8;; AB0; 02B>@>< ?@>5:B0 48709=0 H259F0@A:>3> ?028;L>=0 =0 "@85==0;5 45:>@0B82=>3> 8A:CAAB20 2 8;0=5, 70 :>B>@K9 1K; C4>AB>5= 7>;>B>9 <540;8.  1937 3. 2 075;5 ?@>H;0 2KAB02:0 ?>4 =0720=85< >=AB@C:B828ABK (Konstruktivisten). ! ?>;8B8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O MB0 M:A?>78F8O AB0;0 >D8F80;L=K< 65AB><, A83=0;878@CNI8< > ?>445@6:5 01AB@0:B=>3> 8A:CAAB20, ?>425@3=CB>3> >AB@0:87<C 2 5@<0=88. ;0:0B : =59, A>740==K9 /. '8E>;L4><, 1K; 2K?>;=5= 2 ?@545;L=> ;0:>=8G=>9 35><5B@8G5A:>9 <0=5@5 A A>1;N45=85< ?@8=F8?>2 =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8. !@548 CG0AB=8:>2 2KAB02:8, GL8 D0<8;88 C:070=K =0 ?;0:0B5, 1K;8 =5 B>;L:> :>=AB@C:B828ABK, => B0:65 :C18ABK 8 =5>?;0AB8F8ABK. "0:, =0 2KAB02:5 1K;8 ?@54AB02;5=K @01>BK ". 20= CA1C@30, . 01>, . 0=48=A:>3>, -. 8A8F:>3>, . >E>9-04O, . >=4@80=0, . 527=5@0 8 4@C38E :@C?=KE <0AB5@>2 020=30@4=>3> 8A:CAAB20. KAB02>G=K9 ?@>F5AA 1920  1930-E 33. AB8<C;8@>20; >1<5= A0<K<8 020=30@4=K<8 B5>@5B8G5A:8<8 8 ?@0:B8G5A:8<8 4>AB865=8O<8 <564C 48709=5@0<8 5@<0=88, >AA88, >;;0=488 8 (259F0@88. "5< A0<K< 1K;8 70;>65=K ?;>4>B2>@=K5 >A=>2K 4;O D>@<8@>20=8O H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0, ?>72>;82H85 : 1950-< 33. A8=B578@>20BL =081>;55 ?5@A?5:B82=K5 8458 2 @0<:0E =>2>3> <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O B8?>3@0D8:8. 2.2. $>B>3@0D8O :0: =>2K9 EC4>65AB25==K9 <548C< 2 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:5 1930  1940-E 33. C4CG8 ?@>O2;5=85< A>2@5<5==>9 B5E=>;>38G5A:>9 M?>E8, D>B>3@0D8O 2>?;>I0;0 BC <0H8==CN MAB5B8:C, 2 :>B>@>9 B5>@5B8:8 =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 2845;8 0CB5=B8G=>ABL A2>53> 2@5<5=8.  1930 3. %. 595@ 2 6C@=0;5 H259F0@A:>3> 5@:1C=40 Das Werk CB25@640;, GB> =>20O @50;L=>ABL <>65B 1KBL 045:20B=> 70?5G0B;5=0 B>;L:> =0 D>B>3@0D8OE, ?>A:>;L:C ;8HL D>B>3@0D8O, 2 >B;8G85 >B @8A>20==KE 8;;NAB@0F89, A?>A>1=0 2K720BL >ICI5=85 8=D>@<0F8>==>9 ?@02482>AB8. 081>;LHCN @>;L 2 D>@<8@>20=88 H259F0@A:>3> 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 2 A25B5 D>B>8A:CAAB20 AK3@0; . >E>9-04L. A>15==CN 206=>ABL 4;O H259F0@A:8E B8?>3@0D>2 8<5;> >D>@<;5=85 8 B5>@5B8G5A:>5 A>45@60=85 A5@88 0CE0C71NE5@ (Bauhausbcher), @540:B>@>< :>B>@>9 1K; . >E>9-04L. 3> :=830 82>?8AL, D>B>3@0D8O, :8=> (Malerei, Fotografie, Film, 1925) 2KH;0 2 A5@88 ?>4 =><5@>< 2>A5<L.  MB>9 @01>B5 >E>9-04L ?@54;>68; =>2K9 <5B>4 3@0D8G5A:>3> 2KA ~ ~ vngg]g]SJhht{|CJhSht{|\aJht{|ht{|\aJ ht{|\aJh ht{|\ht{|ht{|CJ\ht{|ht{|5CJ\ht{|ht{|5aJh ht{|5aJ he\aJh ht{|\aJh ht{|5ht{|ht{|5ht{|ht{|5CJPJ\ht{|ht{|5CJ ht{|5 h ht{|ht{|h ht{|6CJaJhht{|CJaJ 4 ~ H ~ 1$gdt{|$a$gdt{|gdt{|$a$gdt{|S T &  gdt{|gdt{|gdt{| $1$a$gdt{|1$gdt{| fh 2~nptv{o{^TGht{|h c5B*phh cB*\ph hht{|B*CJ\aJphhB*CJaJphhhB*CJaJphhhCJmHsH!hhB*CJmHphsHhB*CJmHphsHhB*CJphhht{|B*CJphht{|CJ\mHsH ht{|CJht{|ht{|CJht{|ht{|CJ\h ht{|\ h ht{|prtvxzxz:<>dgdt{|gdt{|$G$UD]`a$gd c$G$UD]`a$gd $-D7$8$H$M gdvxz&(*>fJtxz *02ݳݳݳݞ݆ȆvmvmcmZht{|hCCJhCJmHsHht{|ht{|CJhz@CJmHsH hz@CJ.h:ht{|56CJOJQJ^JaJmHsH(hsc56CJOJQJ^JaJmHsH(hz@56CJOJQJ^JaJmHsH(ht{|56CJOJQJ^JaJmHsH.h ht{|56CJOJQJ^JaJmHsH h ht{|ht{|"8H,3<AF>HH2I{ & F)@&^`gd4h-D7$8$H$M `hgd4`gd47-D7$8$H$M `7gdL7-D7$8$H$M `7gdsT7`7gd`7-D7$8$H$M `7gd4dgdf TLN\n~FJ`Vlnfhûã޻ޯޯޗދteVh_hLCJaJmHsHh_h4CJaJmHsHh_h>eCJaJh'@CJaJmHsHh4zCJaJmHsHh_h46CJaJh;CJaJmHsHh 9CJaJmHsHh 9CJaJh_h 9CJaJhSCJaJh;CJaJh_h4CJaJh_h45CJaJ h_hfh c!hl & > N R V X f h j n p r t µبs`Ps`sCshQAhQACJmHsHhDl;0J2OJQJ^JmHsH$hQAhQA0J2OJQJ^JmH sH hQAhQA0J2OJQJ^Jh`CJmHsH hDl;CJhQAhQACJhQAhfCJmHsHhQAh>eCJmHsHhQAhZ2CJmHsHhQAh`CJmHsHhQAh`CJhQAhLCJmHsHh_hLCJaJmHsHh4zCJaJmHsH 2!4!8!H!J!P!R!\!^!`!n!p!x!z!!!!!!!!!!!!!""" """"""L"N"P"T"V"f"h"ڿڿڿڵڿڿڿڛڛڕxoxxxhQAh;\CJhQAhZ2CJh;uoCJmHsHhDl;CJmHsH hDl;CJhQAhQACJmHsHhQAhDl;CJmH sH hDl;CJmH sH hQAhQACJmH sH hQAhQACJ\mH sH hQAhQACJhQAhQACJ\$hQAhQA0J2OJQJ^JmHsH+h"r"v"x""""""""### # #$#&#8#>################8$<$v$$$$$$$$$ɼֳֳtttth2GhZ2CJmHsHhDl;CJmHnHsHtHhQAhCJnHtHhDl;CJmHsHhQAhZ2CJmHsHhQAh2GCJhQAh;\CJmHsHhQAhCJmHsHhQAhCJhQAhvbCJ hDl;CJhQAh;\CJhQAhZ2CJ-$$,%6%L%N%P%R%Z%\%h%l%t%v%%%%%6&H&J&L&N&ȷꙈ{reXK>h2Gh}%CJmHsHh2GhfCJmH sH h2GhfCJmHsHh2GhZ2CJmH sH h2Gh2GCJh2GhCJmH sH  h2GhCJmHnHsHtH h2GhCJmH nHsH tHh2GhCJmHsH h2GhZ2CJmHnHsHtH h2Gh}%CJmHnHsHtH h2GhZ2CJmH nHsH tHh2GhZ2CJmHsHhQAhZ2CJN&P&V&Z&j&&&&&&&&&&''&'('6'8'N'P'\'`'r't''''''''''''''( (ʽзбЎxʽʷxg h2Gh2G0J15B*CJphh2Gh|CJh2Gh>eCJmHsHh2Gh>eCJh2GhZ2CJmH sH h2GhEMCJmH sH  h CJ h;\CJhDl;hDl;CJmH sH  hDl;CJh2GhZ2CJh2Gh>eCJmH sH h2GhfCJmHsHh2Gh}%CJmH sH ( ((((0(F(H(T(Z(p(r(((((((((((((( )))) )*)0)8)>)L)R)h)n)|)))ǽǢǕLjLjwwwwwjh2GhcCJnHtH h2Gh>eCJmHnHsHtHh2Gh>eCJnHtHh2GhEMCJmH sH  h2GhEMCJmH nHsH tHhDl;CJnHtHh;\CJnHtHh2Gh CJnHtHh2Gh>eCJmHsHh2Gh>eCJh2Gh|CJh2Gh2GCJmH sH &))**F**** +++4+B+D+F+L+`++++,D,F,H,,|obQ h_h}CJmHnHsHtHh_h}%CJmHsHh2GhbCJmHsHh:CJmHsHh>eCJmHsHh2Gh}%CJmHsHh2Gh2GCJmHsHh2Gh}%CJh2Gh2GB*CJph h2Gh2G0J15B*CJphh2GhCJ\ h;\CJh2GhCJh2GhEMCJmH sH h2GhcCJ,,,---.-L---..&.:.>.@.D.P.h.j.n.v.x.z.|.ͼ﫚xk^k^xM?M?h;uoCJmHnHsHtH h:h2 CJmHnHsHtHh:h{CJmHsHh:h{CJmH sH  h:h-S_CJmHnHsHtH h:h+CJmHnHsHtH h:h{CJmHnHsHtH h:hACJmHnHsHtH h_h-S_CJmHnHsHtH h_h&!CJmHnHsHtH h_h}CJmHnHsHtH h_hACJmHnHsHtH|...................//// /"/,/./B/D/F/J/L/P/T/V/d/p/t////////////ijijզċz h:h:CJmHnHsHtHhDl;CJmHnHsHtHh:h{CJmHsHh:h{CJmH sH  h:h{CJmHnHsHtH h:h}CJmHnHsHtHh:h2 CJmHsHh:h2 CJmH sH  h:h2 CJmHnHsHtH0/00v00000000000000000 11͢zmzbQ@ h:h_CJmHnHsHtH h:h XCJmHnHsHtHh:h2 mHsHh:h_CJmHsHh:h2 CJmHsHh:h2 CJ\mHsHh:h2 CJmH sH  h:h2 CJmHnHsHtHh:h{CJmHsHh:h{CJmH sH  h:hfCJmHnHsHtH h:h{CJmHnHsHtH h:h}CJmHnHsHtH111 1,1.181J1L1N1R1d1p1t1111111 2224262ijճuguVuM@h_hp CJmHsHh_hr_CJ h_h_CJmHnHsHtHhjTCJmHnHsHtH h_hr_CJmHnHsHtHh[CJmHnHsHtHh9~CJmHnHsHtH h_h3#7CJmHnHsHtH h:h3#7CJmHnHsHtH h:h XCJmHnHsHtH h:h_CJmHnHsHtHh:h_CJmHsHh:h_CJmH sH 62:2<2>2H2P2T2V2X2Z2|2~222222222ʹ|sf\RA h2Gh9~CJmHnHsHtHh9~CJmH sH h9~CJmHsHh_h9~CJmHsHh_h9~CJ h_h9~CJmHnHsHtH h9~h9~CJmHnHsHtHh_hp CJmHsHh9~CJmHnHsHtH h;h;CJmHnHsHtHh;CJmH nHsH tH h2Gh;CJmHnHsHtHh;CJmH sH h_h_CJmHsH2222222223333 3"3$3`3d3p3~3333333ɼzmm`O h_h&!CJmHnHsHtHh_hr_CJmHsHh_h_CJmHsHh_h;CJmHsHh<CJmHsH h<CJ h;CJh2Gh;CJh;h;CJmHsHh_hp CJh_hp CJmHsHh9~CJmHsHh9~CJmHnHsHtH h;h9~CJmHnHsHtHh9~CJmH nHsH tH3~4444455L5R5v5x5z5566`66666.7\7^7`7x777777788ƹƬyl_h_hZCJmHsHh_ha5CJmHsHh_h.CJh_h(jCJh_h(jCJmHsHh`CJmHsHhs$CJmHsHh_h.CJmHsHh_h+SCJmHsHh_h:.CJmHsHh_h:.CJaJmHsHh_hCJaJmHsHh_h+SCJaJmHsH!888849>9@9B9X9\9h9~99999999: : ::\:v:;;;;;;j;x;;;;̵̨̿̿̿ٛwmwmwmwcwhr"CJmHsHhsCJmHsHh_hfCJmHsHhOCJmHsHh_hOCJmHsHhZhfCJmHsHhZhZCJmHsHhXtCJmHsHhZhaCJmHsHhZh&CJmHsHhZhCJmHsHhZhBCJmHsHhZhZCJmHsH#;;;;<X<z<~<:>??@@@ABCzC|CCCDDEFFFFµ󑇑zzm`RDh_h46CJ]aJh_h45CJ]aJh_ha5CJmHsHh_hE;CJmHsHh_h.dCJmHsHh]CJmHsHh_hsTCJmHsHh>G'CJmHsHh]h]CJmHsHh_h ICJmHsHh_h.CJmHsHhr"CJmHsHh_h"CJmHsHh_hm]CJmHsHh_hBCJmHsHF H0H2H:HHH2I4IDIIIIIIJJVJjJJJJJ KXKdKfKõxlxx`QFQFQ`h)_h)_CJaJh)_h)_CJaJmHsHh)_CJaJmHsHh>G'CJaJmHsHh_hBCJaJh_h{3CJaJmHsHh{3CJaJmHsHh[CJaJmHsHh_h{3CJaJh_h46CJ]aJh_h4CJaJmHsHh_hBCJaJmHsHh'@CJaJh]CJaJmHsHh_h4CJaJ2IIJjKnLMnWz[ab$cdfh & F(@&^`gd^ & F(@&^`gd4 7@&`7gd4 7@&`7gd-^h & F)@&^`gd4 & F)@&^`gd)_ & F)@&^`gdB & F)@&^`gd{3 fKhKjKLLnLLLLL M MMPM`M>N@NBNDNFNRN^NN2OLOOOQQQQ RRR8RCJaJmHsHh_hCJaJh_h4CJaJh_hCJaJmHsH$T\ދ2LfŹ|l^PBhYLhCJ\mHsHh_hQCJ\mHsHh_hLCJ\mHsHh_hf5CJ\mHsHh_hfCJ\mHsHh_hL5CJ\mHsHh_hf5CJ\mHsHh_h4CJaJmHsHhS"5CJaJmHsHh_h XCJaJmHsHhQWWCJaJmHsHh_hʨ4@BF˦˦qqh_hWTCJaJmH sH hKSCJaJh_h+CJaJmHsHh_h)CJaJmHsHh_h)CJaJh_hCJaJmHsHh_hCJaJh_hZBCJaJmHsHh_hCJaJmHsHhKSCJaJmHsHh_hWTCJaJ+FL©&(ު"$46LNZTVpthjnĭԭ֭аҰŶŶŶŶŠłsd]V]V h_h&0 h_hEyh_hNCJaJmHsHh_hNCJaJmHsHh_h&0CJaJmHsHh_h,CJaJmHsHh_h,CJaJh_h!#CJaJh_h!#CJaJmHsHh_hNCJaJh_hNCJaJh_h]CJaJh_hWTCJaJh_h]CJaJmHsH!Ұ(>@HJ`d8DҲ $&:h޵>@ж,.24HLNzzzzkh_h+CJaJmHsHh_hEyCJaJmH sH haCJaJh_h:CJaJmHsHh_h,CJaJmHsHh_hEyCJaJh_hEyaJh_h:aJh_haaJ haaJh_h&0aJh_hNaJmH sH  hKSaJh_hNaJ)(NPָظ "JNFjrھĹ}nnnn}nh_hN*9CJaJmHsHh_hN*9CJaJh_h rCJaJh rCJaJmHsHh_h,CJaJh_h,CJaJmHsHh_hZBCJaJh_hEyCJaJh_hEyCJh_hZBCJmHsHh_h+CJaJmHsHh+CJaJmHsH%@b~.4T`bdh *.0D.@DNt|׼ױ橝橝ױȒ撩{{h_hCJaJh*CJaJmHsHh_h:CJaJh+CJaJmHsHh+CJaJh_hN*9CJaJh rCJaJmHsHh_h:CJaJmHsHh_hN*9CJaJmHsHh_hZBCJaJh_hZBCJaJmHsH. ,0@jl (< &"DFRVXZӼӼӱӱӱӱӼӦrdXh_h456CJh_hfCJ\mHsHh_hf5CJmH sH h_hf5CJmHsHhzJHhL9faJh_h+aJ hL9faJh+hZBCJaJh_hCJaJh_hN*9CJaJh*CJaJmHsHh_hZBCJaJh_hZBCJaJmH sH h+CJaJh_h^sCJaJ!F22bkqz 7`7gd7`7gd^U7`7gd7`7gdzJH7`7gd97`7gdUs7`7gd37`7gdP'gd4 +7d`7gdzJHNnT$μ땅xm^mOmGm^m?h CJaJhL9fCJaJh_hP'CJaJmHsHh_h" CJaJmHsHh_hP'CJaJh_h4CJmHsHh_h{56CJmHsHh_h{56CJh_h4CJ"h_h56@CJmHsH"h_hf56@CJmHsHhzJHh<56CJmHsHhzJH56CJmHsHh_h456CJhzJH56CJ$(*DZ^Zbd|}u}ufWfh_h3CJaJmHsHh_h3CJaJmH sH h CJaJh_hCJaJh_hCJaJmHsHh_h3CJaJh_hU>CJaJh_hU>CJaJmHsHh_h4CJaJmHsHh_h9CJaJmHsHh CJaJmHsHh_h6WCJaJmHsHh_hP'CJaJ*,BDFx| .2BDŶ߄vm`W`Jh_h9CJmHsHh_hP'CJh_h6WCJmHsHh_h6WCJh_hUs56mHsHhCJaJmHsHhCJmHsHh_hCJh_hCJmH sH  hCJh_hCJaJmHsHh_hCJaJh_hUsCJaJmHsHh_hUsCJaJh_hCJmHsHh_h3CJ48HJ`|~L`b024<>@ȾήΤΑΑh_hP'CJmH sH  h#VCJh#VCJmHsHh_hP'56CJmHsHh1lCJmHsH h1lCJh_hP'CJh_hCJmH sH  h CJh_hCJmHsHh_hCJ5@B*,:>D>Bbd.h|~ &8:"$&(ʿդտդՊտդտՊ{nh h CJh_hCJmHsHh_hP'CJaJmHsHh_hCJaJmHsHh_h9CJaJh_h9CJaJmHsHh CJaJmHsHh_hCJaJh_hs|CJaJh_hP'CJaJh CJmHsHh_hP'CJh_hP'CJmHsH&(HJLV\`bztx02{occ{o{o{oThzJHh<CJaJmHsHhVCJaJmHsHh CJaJmHsHh CJaJhK_CJaJmHsHhK_CJaJhK_hK_CJaJh_hP'CJaJmHsHh_h9CJaJmHsHh_h9CJaJh_h9CJaJh_hP'CJaJh_hP'CJh_hCJh_hCJmH sH 28:<&(*FT"`b*,.6ǽ{r{e{_{R{R{H{eh%CJmHsHh28hGCJmH sH  hNkCJh28hDCJmHsHh28hDCJh28hGCJh_hDCJaJmHsHh28CJaJhzCJaJmHsHh_hzCJaJh_hGCJaJh_h45CJh_h456CJh_h4CJmHsHh_h56CJmHsHh_h456CJmHsH h\hhhhh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ahre Lichtbild), 0 2 1929 3. 2 (BCB30@B5 35@<0=A:89 5@:1C=4 >@30=87>20; 3@0=48>7=CN M:A?>78F8N 8=> 8 $>B> (Film und Foto). >;LH>5 7=0G5=85 D>B>3@0D88 4;O 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 ?>4B25@640; B>B D0:B, GB> 2 <5@>?@8OB88 ?@8=O;8 CG0AB85 <=>385 2K40NI85AO B8?>3@0DK. "0:, /. '8E>;L4 1K; G;5=>< >@30=870F8>==>3> :><8B5B0 2KAB02:8, 0 B0:65 A>@540:B>@>< 2KAB02>G=>3> :0B0;>30 $>B>-3;07 (Foto-Auge). . >E>9-04L 70=8<0;AO >B1>@>< =0 2KAB02:C @01>B =5<5F:8E 02B>@>2, . &20@B  3>;;0=4A:8E, -. 8A8F:89  A>25BA:8E.  1931 3. 2 <C755 @5<5A5; 075;O >B:@K;0AL ?5@20O 2KAB02:0, A?5F80;L=> ?>A2OI5==0O =>2>9 D>B>3@0D88  Die neue Fotografie. 564C B5<, ?5@2K5 :C@AK D>B><0AB5@AB20 2 (259F0@88 >B:@K;8AL ;8HL 2 1932 3. 5:>B>@>5 >BAB020=85 >B 4@C38E 70?04=>52@>?59A:8E AB@0= :><?5=A8@>20; B>B D0:B, GB> @C:>2>4AB2> :C@A0<8 >ACI5AB2;O;8 2K40NI85AO =>20B>@K D>B>3@0D88 8 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0  ". >;;<5@ (075;L) 8 . $8=A;5@ (&N@8E). "0:65 >4=8< 87 ?5@2>?@>E>4F52 2 >1;0AB8 ?@8<5=5=8O D>B>3@0D88 2 3@0D8G5A:>< 48709=5 1K; . &8;80:A. = >4=8< 87 ?5@2KE 2 (259F0@88 ?@8=O; B5>@8N =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 8 AB0; 0:B82=> ?@>42830BL 55 =0 ?@0:B8:5.  1933 3. <0AB5@ 2KABC?8; A>CG@548B5;5< 6C@=0;0 "8?>3@0DA:89 565<5AOG=8: (Typographische Monatsbltter), :>B>@K9 87405BAO 2 (259F0@88 ?> A59 45=L. C@=0; 7=0:><8; ?>;83@0D8AB>2 8 B8?>3@0D>2 A =>259H8<8 @07@01>B:0<8, 0 B0:65 2>2;5:0; A?5F80;8AB>2 2 AD5@C 8=4CAB@88 8 187=5A-:><<C=8:0F89.  6C@=0;5 @07<5I0;8AL AB0BL8 ?> 8AB>@88 8 B5>@88 B8?>3@0D8:8, D>B>3@0D88 8 ?5G0B=KE B5E=>;>389. 3@><=>5 2=8<0=85 2 MB>< 6C@=0;5 C45;O;>AL 2>?@>A0< =>2>9 D>B>3@0D88. . &8;80:A =5>4=>:@0B=> ?@82;5:0; : @01>B5 =04 >1;>6:>9 6C@=0;0 . MBB5@0, 0 B0:65 >:07K20; B5E=8G5A:CN ?><>IL 2 A>740=88 D>B>?;0:0B>2 8 1@>HN@ A D>B><>=B060<8 <0AB5@0.  1938 3. 2 075;5 ?@>H;0 2KAB02:0 @>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 D>B>3@0D (Der Berufsphotograph), >@30=870B>@>< :>B>@>9 2KABC?8; /. '8E>;L4. >20O D>B>3@0D8O @072820;0AL 2 (259F0@88 25AL<0 48=0<8G=>, 2> <=>3>< 1;03>40@O 45OB5;L=>AB8 /. '8E>;L40, . &8;80:A0, 0 B0:65 1K2H8E A;CH0B5;59 8 ?@5?>4020B5;59 0CE0C70, A@548 :>B>@KE 1K;8 . 8;;, ". >;;<5@, . (028=A:8 8 . $8=A;5@. !;54C5B B0:65 C?><O=CBL B0:8E 2K40NI8EAO D>B>48709=5@>2, :0: -. %09=8=35@, . %5@453 8 -. 5BB;5@. =8 A;54>20;8 ?@8=F8?0< =>2>9 D>B>3@0D88 2 :><<5@G5A:8E @01>B0E 1930-E 33. 4;O D8@<K Bally, 565=545;L=8:0 Zricher Illustrierte, 0;L?89A:>3> :C@>@B0 St. Moritz. >;LH>5 2=8<0=85 2 48AA5@B0F88 C45;5=> 45OB5;L=>AB8 . (B0=:>2A:8, . >91C@30 8 .-. >75, 70;>682H8E >A=>2K H259F0@A:>9 8=4CAB@80;L=>9 @5:;0<K A ?@8<5=5=85< D>B>3@0D88. 2.3. 1AB@0:B=>5 8A:CAAB2> 8 =>20O B8?>3@0D8:0 2 (259F0@88. 1930  1940-5 33. =0;87 =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 A ?>78F89 A>2@5<5==>3> 5<C 01AB@0:B=>3> 8A:CAAB20 1K; 2?5@2K5 ?@54;>65= /. '8E>;L4><.  :=835 >;83@0D8G5A:>5 >D>@<;5=85 (1935) >= ?>4G5@:820; =5>A?>@8<CN A2O7L =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 8 ?@8=F8?>2 020=30@4=>3> 8A:CAAB20. "0:, @01>BK :>=AB@C:B828AB>2, ?@54AB02;ONI85 A>1>9 C?>@O4>G5==K5 AB@C:BC@K 87 ?@>ABKE, => G@572KG09=> :>=B@0AB=KE M;5<5=B>2, '8E>;L4 AG8B0; ;CGH8<8 >1@07F0<8 287C0;L=>3> ?>@O4:0 4;O 48709=5@0-3@0D8:0. "0:65 >= F5=8; 4CE>2=CN AB>@>=C 2>7459AB28O 01AB@0:B=>9 682>?8A8, CA<0B@820O 2 =59 :;NG8 : 30@<>=88. >;LH8=AB2> 2K40NI8EAO 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2 &N@8E0 1K;8 8 682>?8AF0<8 (. 8;;, .-. >75, . (B0=:>2A:8, . &8;80:A, . MBB5@, . (B09=5@ 8 . -@=8). 82>?8AF0<8 1K;8 B0:65 8725AB=K5 FN@8EA:85 D>B>3@0DK -. %09=8=35@ 8 . (C.  075;5 : 020=30@4=K< :@C30< 682>?8AF52 ?@8=04;560;8 ". >;;<5@ 8 . -945=15=F. ;87>ABL : 682>?8A=K< :@8B5@8O< D>@<K 8 :>;>@8B0, =5A><=5==>, >:07K20;0 A2>5 2;8O=85 =0 B2>@G5A:89 ?>G5@: MB8E <0AB5@>2. ;03>65;0B5;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 H259F0@A:8E <C7552 : 020=30@4=>9 ?@0:B8:5 A>2@5<5==KE 682>?8AF52 >1JOA=O5B 2=8<0=85 : 8E B2>@G5AB2C :C@0B>@>2 <=>3>G8A;5==KE EC4>65AB25==KE 2KAB02>:, ?@>2>482H8EAO 2 075;5 8 &N@8E5. =0G8B5;L=CN ?>445@6:C H259F0@A:8< EC4>6=8:0<-01AB@0:F8>=8AB0< >:07K20; :C@0B>@ 075;LA:>3> <C75O @5<5A5;, 2 1C4CI5< 53> 48@5:B>@, . (<84B. ;03>40@O 53> CA8;8O< 1K;8 >@30=87>20=K <=>385 2KAB02:8 A>2@5<5==>3> H259F0@A:>3> 8A:CAAB20, 2 B>< G8A;5 :@C?=59H0O M:A?>78F8O @>1;5<K =0H53> 2@5<5=8 2 H259F0@A:>9 682>?8A8 8 A:C;L?BC@5 (Zeitprobleme in Schweizer Malerei und Plastik, &N@8E, 1936). 081>;55 2;8OB5;L=>9 3@C??8@>2:>9 EC4>65AB25==>3> 020=30@40 2 (259F0@88 >AB020;8AL :>=AB@C:B828ABK. E 2>7459AB285 =0 :@C3 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2 B@C4=> ?5@5>F5=8BL, 53> =5>1E>48<> CG8BK20BL ?@8 0=0;875 EC4>65AB25==KE ?@8=F8?>2 H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0. 081>;55 F5==K< 2:;04>< :>=AB@C:B8287<0 2 B8?>3@0D8:C 1K;> 70:@5?;5=85 ?@>AB@0=AB20 AB@0=8FK, ?>=8<0=85 53> F5==>AB8. @09=5 206=K< A>1KB85< 4;O @0728B8O 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 2 (259F0@88 AB0;> A>740=85 2 1937 3. >1J548=5=8O EC4>6=8:>2-020=30@48AB>2 Allianz. #65 2 1938 3. 8< 1K;0 >@30=87>20=0 2KAB02:0 >2>5 8A:CAAB2> 2 (259F0@88 (Neue Kunst in der Schweiz, 075;L). 4=8< 87 >@30=870B>@>2 3@C??K 2KABC?8; .-. >75.  B5G5=85 ?>A;54CNI8E 45AOB8 ;5B >= A>74020; ?;0:0BK 8 :0B0;>38 2KAB02>: ;LO=A0, : :>B>@K< 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 <>6=> ?@8<5=8BL >?@545;5=85 :>=AB@C:B82=0O 3@0D8:0. ! =0G0;>< B>@>9 8@>2>9 2>9=K EC4>65AB25==0O >1AB0=>2:0 2 (259F0@88 AB0;0 1>;55 :>=A5@20B82=>9. 54CI85 ?@54AB028B5;8 020=30@4=>3> 8A:CAAB20 8 =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 ?>:8=C;8 AB@0=C: . MBB5@ M<83@8@>20; 2 !(, . &8;80:A 8 . (B0=:>2A:8 25@=C;8AL 2 5@<0=8N. 48=AB25==K<8 <0AB5@0<8, ?>A;54>20B5;L=> @0728202H8<8 A2O78 01AB@0:B=>3> 8A:CAAB20 8 B8?>3@0D8:8 2 2>5==K5 3>4K, 1K;8 . >91C@3, . 8;; 8 .-. >75. AA>F80F8O Allianz, A :>B>@>9 >=8 B5A=> A>B@C4=8G0;8, >AB020;0AL ?>A;54=8< ?@>2>4=8:>< <>45@=8ABA:8E 8459 2 3@0D8G5A:>< 48709=5 (259F0@88.  3>4K 2>9=K Allianz 2KABC?8; 8=8F80B>@>< =5A:>;L:8E 2KAB02>: :>=:@5B=>3> 8 01AB@0:B=>3> 8A:CAAB20, 8=D>@<0F8>==K5 ?;0:0BK 8 :0B0;>38 4;O :>B>@KE =587<5==> A>74020;8 .-. >75 8 . 8;;.  A2>8E @01>B0E >=8 CB25@640;8 AB@>3>ABL 8 0A:5B87<, 0 B0:65 22>48;8 <0B5<0B8G5A:85 :0B53>@88 :>=:@5B=>3> 8A:CAAB20 2 ?@0:B8:C H259F0@A:>3> 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0.  3>4K 2>9=K 2 &N@8E5 ?@>4>;60;8 8=B5=A82=> @01>B0BL <0AB5@0 :>=:@5B=>3> 8A:CAAB20, >1J548=5==K5 2 3@C??C Zurich Konkrete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urich Zurich Konkrete CAB@0820;8 G0ABK5 2KAB02:8, >BG5BK > :>B>@KE ?C1;8:>20;8 2 565<5AOG=>< 1N;;5B5=5 Abstrakt-Konkret. 06=59H8< A>1KB85< 2 EC4>65AB25==>9 687=8 (259F0@88 AB0;0 2KAB02:0 >=:@5B=>5 8A:CAAB2> (Konkrete Kunst, 075;L, 1944). C@0B>@>< 2KAB02:8 AB0; . 8;;. @><5 53> @01>B =0 M:A?>78F88 1K;8 ?@54AB02;5=K ?@>872545=8O .-. >75. %0@0:B5@87CO :>=:@5B=>5 8A:CAAB2>, 8;; ?@8G8A;O; : 53> 206=59H8< ?@8=F8?0< 70:>=><5@=>ABL. !2>N :>=F5?F8N >= AG8B0; ?@5B2>@5=85< <0B5<0B8G5A:>3> <>4CA0 <KH;5=8O 2 8A:CAAB25, :>B>@K9 ?>72>;O5B 01AB@0:B=K< 845O< >1@5AB8 7@8<CN D>@<C. 50;870F859 B5>@88 8;;0 AB0;0 M:A?>78F8O %>@>H0O D>@<0 (Die gute Form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raphis. 3> >A=>20B5;5< 8 3;02=K< @540:B>@>< 1K; . %5@453. C4CG8 >D8F80;L=K< ?5G0B=K< >@30=>< AA>F80F88 H259F0@A:8E 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2 (Verband Schweizerischer Graphiker), 6C@=0; 8=8F88@>20; 15A?@5F545=B=CN 48A:CAA8N 2 A>>1I5AB25 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2 ?> 2A5<C <8@C. Graphis 2?5@2K5 ?@840; 3@0D8G5A:><C 48709=C BC :C;LBC@=CN 7=0G8<>ABL, :>B>@>9 4> MB>3> >1;040;0 B>;L:> 682>?8AL. 5@2>5 ?>A;52>5==>5 45AOB8;5B85 C1548B5;L=> ?>:070;> =>2K5 >1I5<8@>2K5 B5=45=F88 M:>=><8G5A:>3> 8 :C;LBC@=>3> @0728B8O: ?>2A5<5AB=> @>A 4CE :>A<>?>;8B87<0. 0728202H0OAO AD5@0 B>@3>2;8 8=8F88@>20;0 ?>O2;5=85 <C;LB8=0F8>=0;L=KE :>@?>@0F89. !:>@>ABL 8 B5<?K :><<C=8:0F8>==KE ?@>F5AA>2 ?@52@0I0;8 <8@ 2 =>2>5 3;>10;L=>5 A>>1I5AB2>, 2 :>B>@>< 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?5@540G8 8=D>@<0F88 >:07K20;8AL @5H0NI8<8.  MB8E CA;>28OE 2>7=8:;0 =0AB>OB5;L=0O =5>1E>48<>ABL :><<C=8:0B82=>9 OA=>AB8. "0:65 1K;0 >ICB8<0 ?>B@51=>ABL 2 ?@>ABKE D>B>3@0D8OE 8 AB0=40@B=KE 3;8D0E, >1;53G0NI8E ?>=8<0=85 8 CA2>5=85 8=D>@<0F88 ;N4L<8 @07=KE =0F8>=0;L=>AB59. @0D8G5A:89 48709=, @0728202H89AO 2 (259F0@88 2 1950-5 33., 1K; =0?@02;5= =0 @5H5=85 8<5==> MB8E 7040G, 8 ?>MB><C :>=F5?F8O 8 <5B>4>;>38O H259F0@A:>3> AB8;O 2A:>@5 @0A?@>AB@0=8;0AL ?> 2A5<C <8@C. 4=>9 87 AD5@, 345 2>7=8:0NI89 <564C=0@>4=K9 AB8;L >:070;AO =081>;55 2>AB@51>20=, 1K;0 D0@<0F52B8G5A:0O ?@><KH;5==>ABL. @C?=59H85 H259F0@A:85 :><?0=88-?@>872>48B5;8 E8<8G5A:8E 8 <548F8=A:8E ?@5?0@0B>2 (Ciba, Geigy, Hoffmann-La Roche, Sandoz) 4;O A>740=8O A>2@5<5==>3> :>@?>@0B82=>3> AB8;O >1@0I0;8AL : 254CI8< <0AB5@0< 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0  . %>D<0==C, . 5@AB=5@C, . C48=C, . %M<1C@35@C, . N;;5@-@>:<0==C 8 4@C38<. 4=>9 8 =081>;55 2;8OB5;L=KE H259F0@A:8E :><?0=89 1K;0 D8@<0 J. R. Geigy AG. =0 ;848@>20;0 =5 B>;L:> :0: ?5@54>2>9 1@5=4 E8<8:>-D0@<0F52B8G5A:>9 >B@0A;8, => B0:65 C45;O;0 A5@L57=>5 2=8<0=85 3@0D8G5A:><C 48709=C 8 ?5G0B=>9 @5:;0<5 A2>59 ?@>4C:F88.  1948 3. 5N 1K; >B:@KB A>1AB25==K9 >B45; 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0, GB> ?><>3;> D8@<5 @07@01>B0BL C7=0205<K9 2> 2A5< <8@5 :>@?>@0B82=K9 AB8;L. ;02=0O @>;L 2 D>@<8@>20=88 D8@<5==>3> AB8;O :><?0=88 ?@8=04;560;0 . %>=5335@C  EC4>65AB25==><C 48@5:B>@C Geigy (1955  1958).  &N@8E5 2 1950-5 33. =081>;55 284=K< 48709=5@><-3@0D8:>< 1K; >75D N;;5@-@>:<0== (1914  1996), 871@02H89 4;O A51O =>2K9 0=>=8<=K9 AB8;L. K?CA:=8: &N@8EA:>9 EC4>65AB25==>-?@><KH;5==>9 H:>;K, A 1936 3. >= @01>B0; :0: =57028A8<K9 48709=5@-3@0D8:. 4=>9 87 A0<KE O@:8E AB@0=8F 2 B2>@G5A:>9 18>3@0D88 <0AB5@0 AB0;> A>740=85 ?;0:0B>2, ?>A2OI5==KE <C7K:0;L=K< ?@>3@0<<0< >=F5@B=>3> 70;0 (Zurich Tonhalle, 1950 - 1972) 8 >?5@=>3> B50B@0 &N@8E0 (Opernhaus Zurich, 1960-5 33.). ;O A>740=8O 287C0;L=>3> >1@070 2 ?;0:0B0E 1950-E 33. N;;5@-@>:<0== 8A?>;L7>20; :0A:04K A5@?>284=KE D>@<, :@C3>2>@>BK 4C3, <>4C;OF88 2>;=>>1@07=KE ;8=89. "0:>2K, 2 G0AB=>AB8, 0D8H8 4;O 5653>4=>3> D5AB820;O A>2@5<5==>9 <C7K:8 Musica Viva (&N@8E, 1950  1960-5 33.).  =0G0;C 1960-E 33. :>=F5@B=K5 ?;0:0BK N;;5@-@>:<0=0 AB0=>2OBAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> H@8DB>2K<8. 0@L8@CO <561C:25==K5 8=B5@20;K 2 A;>20E, 8A?>;L7CO 2>7<>6=>AB8 F25B0 8 <0AHB010, <0AB5@ 4>1820;AO @8B<8G5A:>9 0@E8B5:B>=8:8 F5;>3>. (@8DB>2K5 :><?>78F88, AD>@<8@>20=K5 ?> ?@8=F8?C ?5@5:@5ABLO, :@>AA2>@40, ABC?5=G0BKE ;8=55: 8;8 2 2845 =5A:>;L:8E AB>;1F>2, ?@54AB02;O;8 A>1>9 E0@0:B5@=K5 >1@07FK DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 8 2>AE>48;8 : ?@>872545=8O< -. 8A8F:>3> 1920-E 33. !B@>389 8 OA=K9 AB8;L MB8E ;5B AB0; :C;L<8=0F859 <0B5<0B8G5A:>3> =0G0;0 2 3@0D8G5A:>< 48709=5 <0AB5@0. A=>2=K<8 30@=8BC@0<8, 8A?>;L7>202H8<8AO 48709=5@0<8 <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O B8?>3@0D8:8, 1K;8 Univers . $@CB835@0 (1957), Helvetica -. %>DD<0==0 8 . 848=35@0 (1957), 0 B0:65 4@C385 =>2K5 3@>B5A:8.  A5@548=5 1960-E 33. >1KG=>9 ?@0:B8:>9 H259F0@A:8E 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2 AB0;> 8A?>;L7>20=85 <>4C;L=>9 A5B:8. =830 . N;;5@-@>:<0==0 040G8 EC4>6=8:0-3@0D8:0 2 AD5@5 48709=-:>=AB@C8@>20=8O (Gestaltungsprobleme des Grafikers, 1961) 2?5@2K5 45B0;L=> ?@54AB028;0 <>4C;L=CN A8AB5<C :>=AB@C8@>20=8O 2 55 <=>3>>1@0788. 48= 87 =081>;55 8725AB=KE B@C4>2 . N;;5@-@>:<0=0  <>=>3@0D8O >4C;L=K5 A8AB5<K 2 3@0D8G5A:>< 48709=5: @C:>2>4AB2> ?> 287C0;L=>9 :><<C=8:0F88 4;O 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2, B8?>3@0D>2 8 <0AB5@>2 B@5E<5@=>3> 48709=0 (Grid Systems in Graphic Design: A Visual Communication Manual for Graphic Designers, Typographers, and Three Dimensional Designers, 1981). 8709=5@ >B<5G0;, GB> 53> @01>B0 ?><>65B :>;;530< >A2>8BL ?@8:;04=>9 @01>G89 8=AB@C<5=B, :>B>@K9 ?>72>;8B 8< @5H0BL 3@0D8G5A:85 7040G8 2 @0<:0E 548=KE :>=F5?F88, AB@C:BC@K 8 70<KA;0 1>;55 >?5@0B82=> 8 C25@5==>. A?>;L7>20=85 <>4C;L=>9 A5B:8, ?> N;;5@-@>:<0=C, A2845B5;LAB2C5B > ?@>D5AA8>=0;87<5 48709=5@0, B.:. 53> ?@>872545=85 4>;6=> >1;040BL OA=K<, >1J5:B82=K<, DC=:F8>=0;L=K< 8 MAB5B8G5A:8< :0G5AB2>< <0B5<0B8G5A:>3> <KH;5=8O. =830 >:070;0 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 1>;LH>5 2;8O=85 =0 40;L=59H55 @0728B85 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 =5 B>;L:> 2 (259F0@88, => 8 70 55 ?@545;0<8.  1958  1965 33. 48709=5@ 1K; A>@540:B>@>< 6C@=0;0 Neue Grafik, 83@02H53> ACI5AB25==CN @>;L 2 ?>?C;O@870F88 <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O B8?>3@0D8:8.  1956  1959 33. . N;;5@-@>:<0== 1K; 28F5-?@57845=B><, 0 70B5< ?@57845=B>< AA>F80F88 H259F0@A:8E 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2. "0:65 >= 70=8<0;AO ?5403>38G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>ABLN 8 =0?8A0; @O4 7=0G8B5;L=KE <>=>3@0D8G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 > 3@0D8G5A:>< 48709=5 8 8AB>@88 287C0;L=>9 :><<C=8:0F88. =0:>< ?@87=0=8O 70A;C3 . N;;5@-@>:<0=0 2 @0728B88 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 AB0;0 G5ABL ?C1;8:0F88 48709=5@>< AB0BL8 5:;0<=K9 48709= (Advertising Design) 2 :@C?=59H59 M=F8:;>?5488 @8B0==8:0 (1975). 5 <5=55 206=> 4;O D>@<8@>20=8O <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O B8?>3@0D8:8 B5>@5B8G5A:>5 8 EC4>65AB25==>5 =0A;5485 ?@54AB028B5;59 075;LA:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0  -. C45@0 (<>=>3@0D8O "8?>3@0D8:0. C:>2>4AB2> ?> >D>@<;5=8N, 1967) 8 . %>D<0==0 ( C:>2>4AB2> ?> 3@0D8G5A:><C 48709=C: >A=>2K 8 ?@0:B8:0, 1965). ;020 III. >20O 2>;=0 H259F0@A:>3> 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 (1970  1980-5 33.) 3.1. #<5@5==K9 ?>AB<>45@=87< 2 3@0D8G5A:>< 48709=5 (259F0@88. . 45@<0BB 8 . "8AA8  1950-5 33. H259F0@A:0O H:>;0 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 O28;0AL 0?>355< A>7=0B5;L=>3>, @0F8>=0;L=>3> =0G0;0 2 8A:CAAB25 ?5G0B8. 5?CB0F8N 15A?@8AB@0AB=>3> 8 B5E=>:@0B8G=>3> H259F0@A:89 3@0D8G5A:89 48709= >1@5; 1;03>40@O @01>B0< <0AB5@>2, A;54>202H8E <>45@=8AB:>9 ?0@0483<5 8A:CAAB20. 40?B0F8O 2K@01>B0==KE 8<8 ?@8=F8?>2 A;54CNI59 8AB>@8G5A:>9 M?>E>9  M@>9 ?>AB<>45@=87<0  ?@>8AE>48;0 2> <=>3>< 1;03>40@O B2>@G5A:><C A>N7C . 45@<0BB0 8 . "8AA8.  1950 3. 83D@84 45@<0BB (@. 1926) >B:@K; A>1AB25==CN 48709=5@A:CN D8@<C 2 &N@8E5.  1968 3. 53> ?>;=>?@02=K< ?0@B=5@>< AB0;0 >7<0@8 "8AA8 (@. 1937). . 45@<0BB AB0; ;845@>< =>2>3> ?>:>;5=8O H259F0@A:8E 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2. 3> 02B>@A:89 AB8;L 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 1K; ?@54>?@545;5= >BACBAB285< C =53> :;0AA8G5A:>3> >1@07>20=8O. BG0AB8 ?>MB><C, >BG0AB8 87 A>1AB25==KE ?@54?>GB5=89 8 A:;>==>AB59, . 45@<0BB 871@0; 4;O A51O 0=>=8<=K9 AB8;L :;0AA8G5A:>9 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, >A=>20==K9 =0 8A?>;L7>20=88 2A52>7<>6=KE :>=B@0AB>2: :>=B@0AB0 ?@O<KE 8 87>3=CBKE, 3>@87>=B0;L=KE 8 =0:;>==KE, <0AA82=KE 8 B>=:8E ;8=89 8 D>@<.  1955 3. . 45@<0BB >?C1;8:>20; B5>@5B8G5A:CN AB0BLN > ?5G0B=>9 @5:;0<5 1JO2;5=85 (Das Inserat) 2 6C@=0;5 Werk, 345 ?8A0; > =5>1E>48<>AB8 @0AA<0B@820BL G8B0B5;LA:CN 0C48B>@8N :0: D0:B>@ 2;8O=8O =0 3@0D8G5A:89 48709=. 5H8B5;L=>5 >BABC?;5=85 >B ?@8=F8?>2 <>45@=87<0, =0G02H55AO 2 H259F0@A:>< 3@0D8G5A:>< 48709=5 2 1970-5 33., 2 @01>B0E 45@<0BB0 8 "8AA8 1K;> 2K@065=> 7=0G8B5;L=> <O3G5. %0@0:B5@=K5 A45@60==>ABL 8 15A?@8AB@0AB=>ABL <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O B8?>3@0D8:8 >B;8G0;8 @01>BK MB8E 48709=5@>2 =0 ?@>BO65=85 1970  1980-E 33. 54CI85 :@8B8:8 8 8AA;54>20B5;8 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 >B=>AOB 45@<0BB0 8 "8AA8 : 2;8OB5;L=><C <5=LH8=AB2C, 2:;NG0O 8E 2 G8A;> B5E =5<=>38E, :B> A>459AB2>20; D>@<8@>20=8N ?>AB<>45@=8A:>9 <>40;L=>AB8 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0, D0:B8G5A:8 =5 1C4CG8 55 ?>A;54>20B5;O<8. @0D8G5A:89 48709= 45@<0BB0 8 "8AA8 =5A5B 2 A515 =5:>B>@K9 M;5<5=B A?>=B0==>AB8, >4=0:>, <0AB5@0 =8:>340 =5 ?@5=51@530;8 G8AB>B>9 8 AB@>3>ABLN <564C=0@>4=>3> B8?>3@0D8G5A:>3> AB8;O. A?>;L7CO =5>@48=0@=K5 :><18=0F88 D>@< 8 >1@07>2, <O3:CN 8@>=8N, ?>@>9 4065 @072;5:0O 7@8B5;O, 45@<0BB 8 "8AA8 =5 >BABC?0;8 >B :;0AA8G5A:>3> ?@8=F8?0 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8  8A?>;L7>20=8O <>4C;L=>9 A5B:8 8 AB@>3>9 48AF8?;8=K 2A59 :><?>78F88.  MB>< A<KA;5 8E B2>@G5AB2> <>6=> =0720BL AB8;8AB8G5A:8< <0=L5@87<><. -B0 E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 :065BAO B5< 1>;55 A?@0254;82>9, GB> CB>=G5==K9 AB8;L 48709=5@>2, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 70459AB2C5B :>=F5?BC0;L=K9 8=AB@C<5=B0@89 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, A 4@C3>9, >?5@8@C5B 8< A:>@55 8=BC8B82=>, G5< D>@<0;L=>. 1>30B82 ;5:A8:>= H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, 45@<0BB 8 "8AA8 A>E@0=8;8 4CE :;0AA8G5A:>3> H259F0@A:>3> AB8;O, 8715602 =5>0:045<8G5A:>3> ?>4E>40.  1993 3. 48709=5@K >?C1;8:>20;8 :=83C 83D@84 45@<0BB & >7<0@8 "8AA8: 3@0D8G5A:89 48709= (Siegfried Odermatt & Rosmarie Tissi: Graphic Design), >1>1I82HCN >?KB 8E <=>3>;5B=53> A>B@C4=8G5AB20. 3.2. >7=8:=>25=85 D5=><5=0 =>2>9 2>;=K H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8. 5OB5;L=>ABL . 59=30@B0 845@>< H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K B8?>3@0D8:8 2 =0AB>OI55 2@5<O O2;O5BAO >;LD30=3 59=30@B (@. 1941), ?@>D5AA>@ EC4>65AB25==>-?@><KH;5==>9 H:>;K 2 075;5. #G5=8: -. C45@0 8 . %>D<0==0, 59=30@B AB0; @5D>@<0B>@>< A8AB5<K H259F0@A:>3> 48709=->1@07>20=8O 8 B5>@5B8:>< =>2>9 AB@0B5388 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0, 2?5@2K5 ?@8<5=82 :><?LNB5@=K5 ?@>3@0<<K 4;O ?>43>B>2:8 >@838=0;-<0:5B0 8 4>?CAB82 M:A?5@8<5=B 2 ?@0:B8:C 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0. 5OB5;L=>ABL 59=30@B0 AB0;0 =>2K< AB8<C;>< 4;O @0728B8O 075;LA:>9 H:>;K ?>A;5 A<5@B8 55 48@5:B>@0 -. C45@0 2 1970 3.  1964 3. 59=30@B AB0; 0AA8AB5=B>< -. C45@0, 0 A 1968  254CI8< ?@5?>4020B5;5< H:>;K. "2>@G5A:0O M2>;NF8O <0AB5@0 =0G0;0AL 2 1970-5 33., :>340, @01>B0O A <5B0;;8G5A:8< =01>@><, >= =0G0; 8A?KBK20BL A:5?A8A >B=>A8B5;L=> F5==>AB59 :;0AA8G5A:>9 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, :>B>@0O, =0 53> 273;O4, AB0=>28;0AL G@57<5@=> >@B>4>:A0;L=>9. 59=30@B0 C2;5:0;8 >?KBK A ?@>7@0G=K<8 ?;5=:0<8, ?>72>;O2H8<8 1>;55 A2>1>4=> >?5@8@>20BL 3@0D8G5A:8< <0B5@80;><. 59=30@B 2>AB>@65==> >B7K20;AO > ?5@A?5:B820E D>B>=01>@0, B5E=8G5A:85 2>7<>6=>AB8 :>B>@>3> 25;8 B8?>3@0D8:C : A2>1>4=><C :>=AB@C8@>20=8N 157 ?@028;. &5;LN 59=30@B0 AB0;> @0A:@5?>I5=85 B2>@G5A:>9 D0=B0788 EC4>6=8:0-B8?>3@0D0, A:>20==>9 @0<:0<8 A0<>4>2;5NI53> H259F0@A:>3> AB8;O. #15645==K9, GB> =5>BABC?=0O ?@825@65==>ABL H259F0@A:><C AB8;N 2545B B8?>3@0D8:C : AB03=0F88, 59=30@B =0G0; 20@L8@>20BL ?@028;0 =01>@0, ?5@5>F5=820O 25AL ?>B5=F80; DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 ?>@O4:0. A?>;L7CO B5E=>;>38N <5B0;;8G5A:>3> =01>@0 8 @CG=>9 ?5G0B=K9 AB0=>:, 59=30@B =0 ?@0:B8:5 8AA;54>20; >A=>2=K5 B8?>3@0D8G5A:85 A>>B=>H5=8O 8 @07<5@K 480?07>=0 C4>1>G8B05<>AB8. = ?@545;L=> @0ABO3820; A;>20 8 AB@>:8, 8A?>;L7>20; ?>4G5@:820=85 8 :><18=8@>20; 2 >4=>< B5:AB5 @07=K5 H@8DBK 8 @07=K5 :53;8, ?@81;860O B5:AB : ?@545;C @071>@G82>AB8. !>G5B0O <0AB5@AB2> ?5G0B=8:0 8 A2>1>4=>5 <KH;5=85 48709=5@0, 5<C C40;>AL A>740BL C=8:0;L=K5 7@8B5;L=K5 AB@C:BC@K (>1;>6:8 6C@=0;0 "8?>3@0DA:89 565<5AOG=8:, 1972  1973, 1976). 87C0;L=K< 020=BN@0< 59=30@B0 A>?CBAB2>20;8 53> G0ABK5 ?CB5H5AB28O =0 ;86=89 >AB>:, 2 >A>15==>AB8 2 ?CABK=8, ;0=4H0DB :>B>@KE >:070; 2;8O=85 =0 E0@0:B5@ 8 287C0;L=CN AB@C:BC@C 53> @01>B. !B@5<;5=85 59=30@B0 2>AAB0=>28BL 2 ?@020E M:A?@5AA8N 8 48=0<8:C ?>@>48;> B8?>3@0D8:C =>2>3> B8?0, :>B>@0O AB0;0 F5;K< =0?@02;5=85< A>2@5<5==>3> 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0. BABC?82 >B >1I5?@8=OBKE 4>3<0B>2 8 AB5@5>B8?>2 3@0D8G5A:>3> O7K:0 B@048F8>==>9 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, . 59=30@B AB0; @>4>=0G0;L=8:>< =>2>3> =0?@02;5=8O <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O, 4><8=0=B0<8 :>B>@>3> AB0;8 B2>@G5A:89 ?>8A: 8 A2>1>4=0O 8<?@>2870F8O, M<>F8>=0;L=>ABL 8 M:AF5=B@8G=>ABL ?>40G8 <0B5@80;0.  B8?>3@0D8:5 59=30@B0 ?@8>@8B5B >B4020;AO A?>A>1=>AB8 A2>1>4=>3> :>=F5?BC0;L=>3> <KH;5=8O, B5<?5@0<5=B=><C A0<>2K@065=8N. 5D>@<0F8O A5B:8 8 55 ?>;=>ABLN B@0=AD>@<8@>20==K5 M;5<5=BK, 1;>G=K5 70;82:8 8 B@C4=> ?>40NI55AO :0:>9-;81> 70:>=><5@=>AB8 @0A?>;>65=85 B5:AB0  MB8 ?@8=F8?K AB0;8 @50:F859 59=30@B0 =0 A0<>4>2;5NICN =>@<0B82=>ABL H259F0@A:>3> AB8;O :>=. 1960  1970-E 33. 8709=5@ >B>H5; >B AB@5<;5=8O : @54C:F88 8 ?@54;>68; 01A>;NB=> =>2CN, A2>1>4=CN B8?>3@0D8:C, :>B>@0O AB0;0 ?@>2>725AB=8F59 =>2>9 2>;=K 8 B8?>3@0D8G5A:>3> ?0=:0.  :>=. 1970-E 33. . 59=30@B =0G0; ?>;CG0BL 70:07K =0 A>740=85 0D8H 2KAB02>:, :>=F5@B>2 8 4@C38E :C;LBC@=KE A>1KB89. A>1> A;54C5B >B<5B8BL ?;0:0BK 4;O 2KAB02>: Kunstkredit (1977 - 1981). !;>6=>5 287C0;L=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> 59=30@B0, 15A?@5F545=B=>5 2 MB> 2@5<O, >1J548=O;> B8?>3@0D8:C =01>@0 8 0:F845=F88, 3@0D8G5A:85 M;5<5=BK 8 D@03<5=BK D>B>3@0D89. 0AB5@ A45;0; 2848<K<8 >B45;L=K5 A5:F88 <>4C;L=>9 A5B:8, =0@CH0O 55 G8AB>BC 7C1G0BK<8 ?5@5E>40<8, @07>@20==K<8 3@0=O<8, A;CG09=K<8 D>@<0<8. 59=30@B @07@K20;, 8A:@82;O; 8 =0A;0820; ?>25@E=>AB8 2 <C;LB8?@>AB@0=AB25==>9 AB@C:BC@5. 3> D>B><5E0=8G5A:89 M:A?@5AA8>=87< >:07K20; H>:>2>5 2>7459AB285 =0 GC2AB20 8 M<>F88 7@8B5;O. "2>@G5AB2> 59=30@B0 2=>2L ?>:070;>, GB> 3@0D8G5A:89 48709= <>65B 1KBL =5 ?@>AB> 8=AB@C<5=B>< <56;8G=>AB=>9 :><<C=8:0F88, => 8 AD5@>9 B2>@G5A:>3> A0<>2K@065=8O. "0:8< >1@07><, 59=30@B>< 1K;> A<>45;8@>20=> EC4>65AB25==>5 =0?@02;5=85 =>2>3> ?>@O4:0, @0AA<0B@820BL :>B>@>5 A;54C5B 2 @0:C@A5 A>F80;L=>9 8 :C;LBC@=>9 8AB>@88 70?04=>3> >1I5AB20 :0: >4=> 87 O@G09H8E O2;5=89 EC4>65AB25==>3> ?>AB<>45@=0. 3.3. "8?>3@0D8:0 H259F0@A:>9 =>2>9 2>;=K 2 !(. . $@84<0=, -. @59<0=, . C=F 0 ?@545;0<8 2@>?K H259F0@A:89 3@0D8G5A:89 48709= =0H5; A2>8E ?@825@65=F52 2 !(, 345 (:>;0 48709=0 2 5;5 AB0;0 254CI8< F5=B@>< @0728B8O =>2>3> =0?@02;5=8O.  A5@548=5 1950-E 33. 745AL G8B0; :C@A ;5:F89 . %>D<0=, 2 1972 3. A> A2>59 CG51=>9 ?@>3@0<<>9 2 5;L ?@85760; . 59=30@B. 081>;55 ?>A;54>20B5;L=K<8 CG5=8:0<8 59=30@B0 AB0;8 0<5@8:0=FK M=85; $@84<0= (1945  1995) 8 -9?@8; @59<0= (@. 1948), ?@52@0B82H85 <0MAB@8N A2>53> =0AB02=8:0 2 <0=L5@8AB8G5A:CN B8?>3@0D8:C ?>AB<>45@=87<0. > >:>=G0=88 8=AB8BCB0 8A:CAAB2 2 1970 3. @59<0= AB0;0 A;CH0B5;L=8F59 EC4>65AB25==>-?@><KH;5==>9 H:>;K 075;O, 345 87CG8;0 8A:CAAB2> @CG=>3> =01>@0 8 B8?>3@0D8:C <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< . 59=30@B0 8 . %>D<0==0. > 2>72@0I5=88 2 !( @59<0= =5:>B>@>5 2@5<O @01>B0;0 48709=5@><-3@0D8:>< 2 LN->@:5, ?@5?>4020;0 2 Philadelphia Collage of Art.  1976 3>4C >=0 ?5@55E0;0 2 0;8D>@=8N, 2 >A-=465;5A, 345 >A=>20;0 A>1AB25==CN 48709=-ABC48N Greimanski Labs.  1980-5 33. -. @59<0= ?>;CG8;0 @5?CB0F8N 3;02K B5G5=8O California New Wave  B8?>3@0D8:8 :0;8D>@=89A:>9 =>2>9 2>;=K.  1982 3. >=0 AB0;0 45:0=>< D0:C;LB5B0 48709=0 2 California Institute of Arts, >4=>2@5<5==> >AB020OAL 0:B82=> ?@0:B8:CNI8< 48709=5@><-3@0D8:><.  1982 3. @59<0= 2?5@2K5 =0G0;0 @01>B0BL A :><?LNB5@>< Apple Macintosh 8 3@0D8G5A:8< @540:B>@>< MacDraw.  A>2@5<5==KE B5E=>;>38OE >=0 2845;0 >A>1K9 ?>B5=F80;, 70:;NG5==K9 2 8E A?>A>1=>AB8 ?@0:B8G5A:8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=> A8=B578@>20BL >1@07K, =57028A8<> >B ?>;L7>20B5;O-<0=8?C;OB>@0 ?@>4CF8@>20BL =>2K9 >1@07=K9 <8@. !<KA;>>1@07>20=85 2 @01>B0E @59<0= AB@>8;>AL =0 A2>1>4=>< M:A?@5AA82=>< <>=B065 4@>1=KE 3@0D8G5A:8E 8 B5:AB>2KE M;5<5=B>2. -B0 A2>1>4=0O >@30=870F8O <0B5@80;0 =0720=0 :@8B8:0<8 ?@8=F8?>< :>:B59;O: A;CG09=>ABL 8 =5;8=59=>ABL 2>72545=K 745AL 2 206=K9 ?@8=F8? D>@<>>1@07>20=8O, 0 >BACBAB285 G5B:>9 D>:CA8@>2:8 =0 :0:><-;81> :><?>78F8>==>< <>4C;5 CA8;8205B 2?5G0B;5=85 ?;0AB8G5A:>3> 15725A8O.  MB>< A<KA;5 8A:CAAB2> -. @59<0= 35=5B8G5A:8 A2O70=> A ?>MB8:>9 404087<0 8 AN@@50;87<0. @@0F8>=0;L=>ABL 8 M:A?@5AA82=>ABL 287C0;L=KE >1@07>2 -. @59<0=  @0728B85 B5<?5@0<5=B=>3> B2>@G5A:>3> A0<>2K@065=8O 2 B8?>3@0D8:5 . 59=30@B0. >;LHCN @>;L 2 AB0=>2;5=88 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 =>2>9 2>;=K 2 !( AK3@0; 8;;8 C=F (@. 1943). = @>48;AO 2 (259F0@88, ?>;CG8; >1@07>20=85 2 075;LA:>9 EC4>65AB25==>-?@><KH;5==>9 H:>;5, 0 2 1970 3. ?5@55E0; 2 !(. >;3>5 2@5<O C=F @01>B0; 8 ?@5?>4020; 2 >;C<189A:>< C=825@A8B5B5.  ?;0:0B0E 1984  2001 33., 0=>=A8@CNI8E ;5:F88 8 2KAB02:8 2 C=825@A8B5B5, <0AB5@ ?@8<5=8; A;>6=CN <>4C;L=CN A8AB5<C, A>740==CN ?CB5< >1J548=5=8O 8 45D>@<0F88 ?@>ABKE A5B>:. 5AB018;878@>20==>5 ABC?5=G0B>5 42865=85 B8?>3@0D8G5A:8E 8 D>B>M;5<5=B>2 2 ?@>872545=8OE . C=F0 E0@0:B5@=> 8 4;O @01>B 4@C38E ?@825@65=F52 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:8 =>2>9 2>;=K (. (<84, .-. 528, . (@09D535;L, . "@>:A;5@, . 8=4;8=).  70:;NG5=88 AD>@<C;8@>20=K 2K2>4K, 8AE>4OI85 87 A>45@60=8O 8AA;54>20=8O. @82545=K >A=>2=K5 @57C;LB0BK @01>BK 8 ?>:070=K ?5@A?5:B82K 40;L=59H53> @0728B8O B5<K. (259F0@A:0O H:>;0 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 ?> ?@02C 70=8<05B 284=59H55 <5AB> 2 ?@>5:B=>9 :C;LBC@5 %% 2. =0 A8=B578@>20;0 =081>;55 ?@>3@5AA82=K5 <8@>2K5 4>AB865=8O 2 >1;0AB8 DC=:F8>=0;L=>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, D>B>3@0D8:8, H@8DB>2>3> 48709=0, 0@E8B5:BC@K 8 01AB@0:B=>3> 8A:CAAB20 1920  1960-E 33. (259F0@A:89 <564C=0@>4=K9 AB8;L B8?>3@0D8:8, 2>7=8:H89 2 1940  1950-5 33., 4><8=8@>20; 2 <8@>2>< 3@0D8G5A:>< 48709=5 4> 1970-E 33. 3> B2>@FK  -. 5;;5@, . 8;;, -. C45@, . $@CB835@, . %>D<0==, . N;;5@-@>:<0==,  AB0;8 :@C?=59H8<8 B5>@5B8:0<8 8 ?5403>30<8 ?>A;52>5==>3> ?>:>;5=8O B8?>3@0D>2, 70A;C682H8<8 ?@87=0=85 2> 2A5< <8@5.  1970-5 33. =>20O 2>;=0 H259F0@A:>3> 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 ?@82=5A;0 A2>1>4C B2>@G5A:>3> A0<>2K@065=8O 2 B8?>3@0D8:C, @07428=C2 3@0=8FK H259F0@A:>3> AB8;O, AB02H53> : B><C 2@5<5=8 AE>;0AB8G=K<. @C?=59H8<8 D83C@0<8 =>2>9 2>;=K AB0;8 . 59=30@B, . $@84<0= 8 -. @59<0=.  =0AB>OI55 2@5<O >?KB H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 O2;O5BAO 25AL<0 F5==K< 4;O ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> AB0=>2;5=8O 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2. 5<>=AB@8@CO C65 :;0AA8G5A:85 >1@07FK ?@>5:B=>9 :C;LBC@K %% 2., >= >B:@K205B =>2K5 B2>@G5A:85 2>7<>6=>AB8 4;O <0AB5@>2 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 %%I 2. 0 >A=>20=88 ?@>2545==>3> 8AA;54>20=8O 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 53> F5;LN 8 7040G0<8 D>@<C;8@CNBAO A;54CNI85 2K2>4K: 0728B85 H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 8<55B B@8 >A=>2=KE MB0?0: ?5@8>4 AB0=>2;5=8O (1930-5  1-O ?>;. 1940-E 33.), <564C=0@>4=K9 AB8;L (2-O ?>;. 1940-E  1960-5 33.), B8?>3@0D8:0 =>2>9 2>;=K (1970  1980-5 33.). 0728B85 :064>3> 87 MB0?>2 1K;> >1CA;>2;5=> >?@545;5==K<8 A>F8>:C;LBC@=K<8 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K<8 CA;>28O<8, M2>;NF8O :>B>@KE 2;5:;0 70 A>1>9 M2>;NF8N EC4>65AB25==KE ?@8=F8?>2 H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0. %C4>65AB25==K5 0A?5:BK =>2>9 B8?>3@0D8:8, ?>2;8O2H59 =0 MB0? AB0=>2;5=8O H259F0@A:>9 H:>;K, =0E>48;8AL 2 B5A=>9 2708<>A2O78 A =0?@02;5=8O<8 A>2@5<5==>3> 01AB@0:B=>3> 8A:CAAB20 8 B2>@G5A:8<8 B5G5=8O<8 %% 2. "0:, =081>;55 7=0G8<K 4;O D>@<8@>20=8O H:>;K 1K;8 EC4>65AB25==K5 ?@>3@0<<K DC=:F8>=0;87<0, =5>?;0AB8F87<0, AC?@5<0B87<0, :>=AB@C:B8287<0 8 :>=:@5B=>3> 8A:CAAB20. %0@0:B5@=>9 G5@B>9 <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O B8?>3@0D8:8 AB0;0 53> ?@0:B8G=>ABL 8 C=825@A0;L=>ABL 2 :>=B5:AB5 3;>10;L=>3> @K=:0 ?>A;52>5==>9 2@>?K. #65 2 1950-5 33. H259F0@A:0O B8?>3@0D8:0 >?@545;O;0 ;8F> 1>;LH8=AB20 H259F0@A:8E 8 <8@>2KE :C;LBC@=KE 8=AB8BCB>2 8 :>@?>@0F89. >2K9 AB8;L >:070;AO =081>;55 2>AB@51>20==K< 2 AD5@5 287C0;L=>9 845=B8D8:0F88 A>1KB89 <564C=0@>4=>3> <0AHB010, B0:8E :0: ;8<?89A:85 83@K 1972 3. (N=E5=). 5@5<5=K 2 B5E=>;>38G5A:8E (@0728B85 D>B>=01>@0, 70B5<  :><?LNB5@=>3> @540:B>@0) 8 D8;>A>DA:8E (:@878A <>45@=87<0 2 =0G. 1970-E 33.) >A=>20E 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0 ?5@5>@85=B8@>20;8 H259F0@A:8E 48709=5@>2-3@0D8:>2 =0 M:A?5@8<5=BK 2 >1;0AB8 D>@<>B2>@G5AB20, 2K@0782H85AO 2 B8?>3@0D8:5 =>2>9 2>;=K. C1;8:0F88 ?> B5<5 48AA5@B0F88: 0IC: . . @><KH;5==0O @5:;0<0 2 (259F0@88 :0: D0:B>@ AB0=>2;5=8O <564C=0@>4=>3> AB8;O B8?>3@0D8:8 (1930  1940 33.) // 72. >A. 3>A. ?54. #=-B0 8<. . . 5@F5=0. A?8@0=BA:85 B5B@048.  2009.  ! 96.  !. 253-258. (5@5G5=L .) 0IC: . . $>B>3@0D8O :0: =>2K9 EC4>65AB25==K9 <548C< 2 H259F0@A:>9 B8?>3@0D8:5 1930  1940-E 33. // 0CG=>-0=0;8B8G5A:89 6C@=0; >< C@30=>20. @>AB@0=AB2> :C;LBC@K.  2009.  ! 1.  !. 27-43. (5@5G5=L .) 0IC: . . (259F0@A:0O H:>;0 3@0D8G5A:>3> 48709=0: 35=578A, >A=>2=K5 MB0?K @0728B8O // 725AB8O 2KAH8E CG51=KE 702545=89. @>1;5<K ?>;83@0D88 8 8740B5;LA:>3> 45;0.  2009. ! 2. !. 107-113. (5@5G5=L .) 0IC: . . -9?@8; @59<0=: B8?>3@0D8:0 =>2>9 2>;=K 2 0;8D>@=88 // >40 8 48709=: 8AB>@8G5A:89 >?KB  =>2K5 B5E=>;>388: 0B5@80;K 10-9 <564C=0@. =0CG. :>=D.  !1.: !#", 2007.  !. 270-276. 0IC: . . (259F0@A:89 <564C=0@>4=K9 AB8;L: 35=578A 8 M2>;NF8O B8?>3@0D8:8 ?>@O4:0 // 87C0;L=0O :C;LBC@0: 48709=, @5:;0<0, ?>;83@0D8O: 0B5@80;K VI <564C=0@. =0CG. :>=D.  <A:: <"#, 2007.  !. 15-24. 0IC: . . $>B>3@0D8@CO <>=8B>@: 3@0D8G5A:89 48709= -9?@8; @59<0= // 8709=8=D>@<: ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 6C@=0; ?> 2>?@>A0< 48709=0.  2007.  K?. 9.  !. 90-94. 0IC: . . >;LD30=3 59=30@B: H259F0@A:0O B8?>3@0D8:0 >2>9 2>;=K // @>1;5<K M:>=><8:8 8 ?@>3@5AA82=K5 B5E=>;>388 2 B5:AB8;L=>9, ;53:>9 8 ?>;83@0D8G5A:>9 >B@0A;OE ?@><KH;5==>AB8: 0B5@80;K A5@>A. =0CG=>-B5E=. :>=D. (A1. B@. 0A?8@0=B>2 8 4>:B>@0=B>2).  !1.: !#", 2007.  K?. 12.  !. 202-210. 0IC: . . @0D8G5A:89 48709= 2 (259F0@88: M2>;NF8O AB8;O 1920  1970-E 33. // 8709=8=D>@<: ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 6C@=0; ?> 2>?@>A0< 48709=0.  2008.  K?. 11.  !. 106-117. 0IC: . . /= '8E>;L4. "2>@G5A:89 ?CBL <0AB5@0 // 8709=8=D>@<: ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 6C@=0; ?> 2>?@>A0< 48709=0.  2008.  K?. 12.  !. 86-92. 0IC: . . Odermatt & Tissi: FN@8EA:89 AB8;L. >;C25:>20O 8AB>@8O CA?5E0 // 8709=8=D>@<: ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K9 6C@=0; ?> 2>?@>A0< 48709=0.  2008.  K?. 13.  !. 48-52. @838=0; ?>43>B>2;5= 02B>@><. >4?8A0=> 2 ?5G0BL 08.11.2008. 5G0BL B@0D0@5B=0O. #A;. ?5G. ;. $>@<0B 6084 1/16. "8@06 100 M:7. 0:07 ! B?5G0B0=> 2 B8?>3@0D88 !#" 191028, !0=:B-5B5@1C@3, C;. >E>20O, 4. 26.     PAGE  PAGE 2 PAGE  kDlFllm m0m2m4mJmLmfmtmmmmmmmnn nnooppp&pqq(q*q^r`rlrڭynch_hGCJaJhhCJaJhhCJaJmHsHhhCJaJh_h^UCJmH sH hzh^UCJmHsHh28h^UCJmH sH h%CJmHsHh28h^UCJmHsHh28h^UCJh^UCJmHsH h^UCJh_h^UCJmHsHh_h^UCJ#lrrrrsttttt&t*t2t4tFtHtRtTt u uu u$uuvvLvvvvvvvw(wzzzzR{T{~{{{{{,}ۼϼۼۼۼuh TCJaJmHsHh<h8|CJh<h28CJ hNkCJh<CJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJmH sH hNkCJaJh_h8|CJaJhCJaJhCJaJmHsHh_hCJaJmHsHh_hGCJaJh_hCJaJ.,}J}L}0~2~L~N~\~d~f~z~$&026NPTVXdf~024PRbdfhlnprt~¹¹¹–{h;uoCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJmHsHh<CJaJmHsHh TCJmHsHh Th TCJmH sH h Th TCJh Th TCJmHsHh TCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJh_hCJaJmHsHh_hCJaJ0~ &(*$2NjnƸvk_kvv_WKh# CJaJmHsHh# CJaJhG0CJaJmHsHh_hCJaJh_hCJaJmHsHhDCJaJmHsHh_h4CJh_h456CJ"h_hf0J5CJ\mHsHh!+56CJ]mHsH!h_hf56CJ]mHsHh<h<CJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJh_h8|CJaJmHsHX bȴ&p *7d`7gdX`7`7gdX 37`7gdy7`7gd*gdH"7`7gdc 7`7gd_A7`7gdG07`7gd8|&(,."jҋčƍԍ֍܍ލᜏxohG0h8|CJhzJHCJmH sH hG0hG0CJmHsHhG0hG0CJmH sH h CJmHsHh'CJaJh_hCJaJmHsHhG0CJaJmHsHh# CJaJmHsHhbCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJh;uoCJaJmHsHh;uoCJaJ(   "lnܐ  đƑ"(Rblֻֻֻ֧֧֘֍rf^fffhltNCJaJhltNCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJmH sH hDCJaJmHsHh_hDCJaJh_h_ACJaJmHsHh9-CJaJmHsHhG0CJaJhG0CJaJmHsHhG0hCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJhG0h8|CJhG0hG0CJmHsHhG0hG0CJ"ƒȒҒԒؒڒXZЗҗ $,(RTźٺٺٺwhwhhwYhwYCJaJmHsHhwYCJaJmH sH hwYCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJmH sH h}CJaJh;uoCJaJmHsHh;uoCJaJh_h8|CJaJhltNCJaJmHsHhltNCJaJh}CJaJmHsHh}h}CJaJmHsHh}CJaJmH sH (МҜ&68*,8:JLNrƾzk\\h_h8|CJaJmH sH hZ hZ CJaJmHsHhwYhZ CJaJmHsHhZ CJaJmH sH hZ CJaJmHsH!h_h8|0J/>*CJaJwhhHCJaJmHsHhHCJaJh9-CJaJmHsHhfnCJaJmHsHhfnCJaJh_h_ACJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJ$΢ޢ Zbģƣ̣Σޣȥإҧ{i{W{IW{hc 0J/>*CJaJwh#h&0J/>*CJaJmHsHwh#hc 0J/>*CJaJmHsHwh!h_h8|0J/>*CJaJwhhc CJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJmHsHh;uoCJaJh;uoCJaJmHsHh_h_ACJaJmHsHhfnCJaJhfnCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJmH sH h9-CJaJh_h8|CJaJ$(.08:BFV`dtvԦئǶǶǶܶܭxj\jQhh5CJmHsHhH"hh5CJmHsHhH"hH"5CJmHsHhH"CJmHsHhhCJmHsHh8|CJmHsHh&CJmHsHh_hi~~CJmHsHh_hi~~CJ!h_h8|0J/>*CJaJwh)h_h8|0J/>*CJaJmH sH wh#hc 0J/>*CJaJmHsHwh!h_hc 0J/>*CJaJwhҪ\^lr|ƫȫ֫ګz¬Ь4FJX\|~Ļ׮סס׎׮׮׮Ď׎ׄׄzzz׻mh_h*CJmH sH h,CJmHsHhqCJmHsHh*CJmHsHh_hLCJh_hLCJmHsHh_h8|CJmH sH h_h*CJ h*CJh_h(/CJmHsHh_h8|CJh_h(/CJ,hH"hZ 0J/5>*CJaJmHsHwh*­ܭ`bdRjrzԯ$&:>tZ^dptxzķƷ;;ͳͫ͐͜ͳẍ́hbCJaJmHsHhHvCJaJmHsHh0CJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJmH sH hCCJaJh_hLCJaJh_hLCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJhCCJaJmHsHh_hfCJmHsH h*CJh_h8|CJ/Ʒڷܷ  <@B<`"$Ȼ $&L«£««««zqhX 3h8|CJh_hyCJaJh_hCCJaJmHsHh_hyCJaJmHsHhCCJaJh_hCCJaJh@mCJaJmHsHhCCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJmH sH hbCJaJmHsHhHvCJaJmHsHh_h8|CJaJ+LPRXʼ̼μDFdl½0<>NR\^hjݽݪꪖypgphbhbCJhX 3hbCJ hbCJhbCJmHsHhX 3h8|CJmH sH h1lCJmHsHhbCJmHsHhX 3hX 3CJhoJCJmHsHhX 3h CJhBh9CJmHsHh9CJmHsHhX 3hX 3CJmHsHhX 3h8|CJhX 3hyCJmHsH$ڿ޿hjBLx 6np|~P^b$(*Ƽ~x~~of`fofof h1f.aJh_hIaJh_hX`aJ hbaJh_ha~aJ hbaJh_hbaJh_h aJhbhICJmHsHh1f.CJmHsH hbCJhKX@CJmH sH  hKX@CJhhCJmHsHhbCJmHsHhX 3h8|CJhbCJmHsHhX 3hbCJmH sH %0|LR"$&(02@BFHVXdhjl񨛔vkvkvkvkvkvkhYkhYkB*phhYkhYkB*mH phsH ht[B*ph hYkhYk hYkhIh_hYkaJhYk hYkaJh QmhIaJh QmhbaJ h Qmhbh QmhbmH sH  h1f.hh1f.h1f.aJ hbaJh1f.hIaJh_hIaJ hbaJ(lnxz|,.08:<P^tJDFJȿٸhYk h_hX` hYkaJh_haJh_hX`aJ h0aJh_hIaJ hYkhIh_hYkaJhYkhYkaJhYkB*phhYkhYkB*phhYkhYkB*mH phsH h7B*mH phsH 3RHF\ Z`gdba`gd`gd/:7`7gdk 7`7gda!7`7gdq'7`7gdj`gdgd;0r7`7gdzJH7`7gd0 *7d`7gd Qm*(*6L6Xx޸ެޡvvpg^gU^Uh0hc.CJh0hYkCJh0hX`CJ h0aJh.CJaJmHsHh.CJaJh0h0CJaJmH sH hjCJaJh0h0CJaJhbCJaJmHsHhYkCJaJmHsHh_hX`CJaJmHsHh_hX`CJaJh_hICJaJht[CJaJmHsHh QmhICJaJxz8RzƶƦwgYJ;ha!56CJaJmHsHh56CJaJmHsHhh56CJaJh%hf5CJaJmHsHh%5CJaJmHsHh%5CJaJhQT5CJaJmHsHh_h45CJaJh_hfCJ\aJmHsHh_hf5CJaJmH sH h_hf5CJaJmHsHhzJHh8|0J5CJ\h0hX`CJh0hc.CJhbCJmHsH  68:PRfjJLtvx櫠th`hhq'CJaJhq'CJaJmHsHhZCJaJmHsHhj`CJaJhbCJaJmHsHhj`CJaJmHsHhj`hj`CJaJ"hh56CJaJmHsHhb56CJaJmHsHh 56CJaJh56CJaJmHsHh56CJaJhT556CJaJmHsH%Jfln|~prʾʾʯʣʾʣʣʣumuuuʾuh #CJaJh #CJaJmHsHha!CJaJhj`ha!CJaJhj`ha!CJaJmH sH ha!CJaJmHsHhq'hj`CJaJmHsHhbCJaJmHsHhj`hj`CJaJhq'CJaJmHsHhj`hq'CJaJhZCJaJmHsHhZCJaJ*"8:Jln(*<.0VZLhnJ^&* ɽѦhj`hYSCJaJha!hYSCJaJhYSCJaJhj`ha!CJaJhZCJaJmHsHh.CJaJmHsHh.CJaJhbCJaJmHsHha!CJaJmHsHh #CJaJmHsHhj`hj`CJaJ2,.024BDNRhjv|FHLNPRҿ~papVhB56CJaJh,56CJaJmHsHh_h;0r56CJaJh_h;0rCJ aJ%h_htGX56CJ]aJmHsHh56CJ]aJmHsH%h_hf56CJ]aJmHsHhj`hj`CJaJhZCJaJhj`hYSCJaJhbCJaJmHsHha!hYSCJaJhYSCJaJmHsH`dfp`bTV"@DFVXTX㙼Ԋtgttg^g^h_h/:CJh_h/:CJmHsHh_hCJmHsHh_hCJh_hCJaJmHsHh_hk CJaJhbCJaJmHsHh1lCJaJmHsHhCJaJmHsHhZCJaJmHsHh_hk CJaJmHsHh_htGXCJaJ"hBh{56CJaJmHsH"BZ ,.`b<rp " $ ƭ픎{rhr_h}hCJh8ACJmHsHh_hCJh_hbaCJhPCJmHsH h*CJh*CJmHsH h=CJh=h=CJ1h=h=B*CJ KHOJPJQJ^JaJ phh=CJmHsHh_h/:CJmHsH hZCJhZCJmHsHh_h/:CJhR+CJmHsH"$ X ~       8 r      x   : b f l p r v @~,>Rjr~ƺưƦƜƏُƏyƺٺlh_htGXCJmHsHh_hbaCJh3h>CJmHsHh_hbaCJmHsHhu5CJmHsHh3CJmHsHhKCJmHsH hCJ h%CJh_h/:CJh8ACJmHsHhCJmHsHh}CJmHsHh_hCJh9CJmHsH&XZ^`bd|$:468ƿwndd^dUHUHh_h/:CJmHsHh_h/:CJ h)vCJh)vCJmHsHh_hfaJhYk56aJhK56aJh_h456aJh_h w 56aJhv f56aJhS56aJh_h;0r56aJ h_h;0rh_h/:56]aJh56]aJh_hf56]aJhzJHhCJmHsHh_hi~~CJZ $*+055J9*<?A & F-@&^`gd2=  & F-@&^`gd1x7`7gd7C`gdi~~ $`a$gd{`gd-C*dgdY`; 71$`7gd4`gd4 *d1$`gd;0r":@ ,.j"$nprph|~úúú×úֺwh1hbaCJmHsH h1CJh_hbaCJmH sH h_h4CJ h1lCJh1lCJmHsHh+yCJmHsHh_hbaCJh_h4CJmHsH h7CJhbCJmHsHhPCJmHsHh_h/:CJmHsHh_h/:CJ.$Fd  .bpt   !!!2":"D"##$$hbaCJmHsHh_h~CJh_h4CJh)vCJmHsH h~CJh_hbaCJmHsHh_h4CJmHsHhSCJmHsHh_hbaCJmH sH h+yCJmHsHhPCJmHsHh_hbaCJ1$%4%L%d%f%|%~%%%%%%%%%%%&&&&&<'L'P'p''''''((((((^)`)))))***.*z*|*~***++,̵h/:CJmHsHh-CCJmHsHh-C5CJmHsH hKhKh=hI'3hY`;hu5 hu5hu5 hu5hjS hu5h)v hu5hK hjSaJh)vhKaJh)vh)vaJ7,,P-h-|------<.n.x.......////6/H/////////////0T0000000112z3d4f45ͶͶͬͬͬͬͬh;,gh;,gCJmHsHh;,gCJmHsHh`uCJmHsH hMCCJhMCCJmHsHhbCJmHsHhMChMCCJmHsHhMCh{CJh{h{CJmHsHh{h{CJh-CCJmHsHh{CJmHsH355555^788H9J9L9b9h999: :F:z::::::(<*<,<N<P<f<l<v<x<͓|͓͓re\SeSeh+h+CJh+h2= CJh+h+CJmHsHh+CJmHsHh+CJaJh2= h2= CJaJmHsHh2= h2= CJaJh)_h1xCJaJhShCJaJmHsHh2= CJaJmHsHh1xCJaJmHsHh+CJaJmHsHh7Chf5CJ\mHsHh7Ch7C5CJ\mHsH h_hi~~ x<z<<f=j===$>*>Z?f?l?|??@@@0A|AAAB.BCC CCCCCCᾶwj`jNjNj#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJph333h^OCJmHsHh^OhbCJmHsHh^OhSCJh^OhS6CJ\mHsH!h_hf56CJ\mHsHh1xhS"5CJ\hpnh1xCJaJh1xCJaJh+CJaJmHsHh+h2= CJmHsHh7ICJmHsHh+h2= CJh+h+CJmHsHh+h+CJAABCEDGHjJK NbO|PQQQQQQQQ^gd\ & F+^gd & F+^gd & F+^gd"" & F+^gd & F+^gd%L & F+^gdSdgdfCCCCCCCDDDD@EBEFEJEXEZE`EbEfEjEtEvExE|EEEEɹ|rrrrdTh%LhS6CJ\mHsHh^OhZ 6CJmHsHh%LCJmHsHhZ CJmHsHh^OhZ CJmHsHhZ hZ CJmHsHhZ hSCJhZ hS6CJ\mHsHh^OhS6CJ\mHsHh^Oh^O6CJmHsHhCJmHsH#hB*CJOJQJ^JaJph333h^Oh^OCJmHsHEEEEFFGG"G$GBGDG\GGGGGGHHHHHHHHvIxIѹѨzqdWqdqqQGqzqdhCJmHsH hCJhChCCJmHsHh_hCJmHsHh_h""CJh_h""6CJ\mHsHhh6CJ\mHsHhh6CJmHsH!hhB*CJmHph333sHhB*CJmHph333sHhB*CJph333hhB*CJph333$hh6B*CJmHph333sHhh6B*CJph333xIzI|I~I(J*JRJTJ`JbJhJjJJJJJJnKpK~KKKKKKKK4L6L8L:LʱڱٱPPPPQQQQQQQQQSSSټټٯٯټټH$_<5CJ\mHsHh\h\CJ\mHsHh\6CJ\mHsHh\hM<6CJ\mHsHh_hCJmH sH h_hCJmHsHh_h6CJ\mHsHh_hCJhCJmHsH hCJhhB*CJph333)QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQR@> f1KG=K9_HaJmHsHtHN@N f 03>;>2>: 1 $@&a$5CJ\mHsH`@` f 03>;>2>: 2$<@& 56CJOJQJ\]^JaJBA@B A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0XiX 01KG=0O B01;8F04 l4a .k. 0 5B A?8A:0 B>@B f0720=85a$5CJ\mHsHJ @J f86=89 :>;>=B8BC; E$4)@4 f><5@ AB@0=8FKDB@"D fA=>2=>9 B5:AB CJmHsH\Q@2\ fA=>2=>9 B5:AB 3CJOJQJaJhmHsHtHbR@Bb fA=>2=>9 B5:AB A >BABC?>< 2` CJmHsH2&Q2 f =0: A=>A:8H*nC@bn fA=>2=>9 B5:AB A >BABC?><`B* CJ\aJmHph3fsH,W@q, f!B@>3895\:U@: f 8?5@AAK;:0 >*B*ph88 0f "5:AB A=>A:8aJh0@h f0@:8@>20==K9 A?8A>:&#^e`CJmHsHtHL@L f5@E=89 :>;>=B8BC; E$DOD f Sub Header5CJmHsHtHbS@b fA=>2=>9 B5:AB A >BABC?>< 3 x^CJaJBOB f Body =0:`CJmHsHtHNON fBody =0: =0:2CJ_HaJmHsHtHNON !fBody =0: =0:1 `CJmHsHtHXOX fBody =0: =0:1 =0:CJ_HaJmHsHtHtO"t faut_text"$Td7$8$`Ta$-B*CJOJQJ^J_HaJmHphsHtH O1 fblauOA frot"OQ" ftxtxs0(@a0 f ><5@ AB@>:8FP@rF fA=>2=>9 B5:AB 2 'dx**f!B8;L1( FJJ f "5:AB 2K=>A:8)CJOJ QJ ^J aJP^@P ;0r 1KG=K9 (251) *dh`CJmHsHtHVOV WT No Spacing+dh`CJ_HaJmHsHtH`+@` -N"5:AB :>=F52>9 A=>A:8 ,dh`aJmHsHtH"O" ,N =0:D*@D N=0: :>=F52>9 A=>A:8H*>O> 8|google-src-text1<.. 8| =0: mHsHtH6X@6 2G@ K45;5=85 56\]FO!F QAhead1#56CJOJ QJ \]^J aJo(PO2P text_23dd[$\$B*CJmHphnsHtH [\]^?@ABmnop|EFG DE89:;<=n<=tuvw S $@A U ^!!7""'),]--r.n/@0024555657|77;>@EBFB}B~B[CCCI1MMNPuSiTV[F]]_abbbcifghbjkmprvr1twzzY~̂tGΏޓMNRޡ&ª:qհIh>jm.?qT#, +_v00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000E0E0E00E0E0E0E0E0E0Ep0Ep0Ep0Ep0Ep0Ep0Ep0Ep0Ep0Ep) 0p) 0p) 0p) 0p) 0p) 000p0p0p0p( 0p( 0p( 0p( 0p0R0p0p0p* 04p* 04* 04* 04* 040* 04p04p0p0;p0;p0;p0;p0;p0;p00mC0mC0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCH0mCp+0mCp+0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp+0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCh0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mC0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp*0mCp*0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp*0mCp*0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp*0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp0mCp- 0p- 0p- 0p- 0p0p0p+ 0p+ 0+ 0p+ 0+ 0p+ 0p+ 0p+ 0p+ 0p+ 0 000000000p0p0p0p0p000p00p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p00p00000My00M9000My00M900My00M900My00M900My00My00My00@0@0My00My00My00My00M900 $////2 vh h"$N& (),|./162238;FfKR$ZbHhjnttv`jFҰ$@(2klr,}~ƷLlx$ $,5x<CExIFOS Tz~+,-.0123456789:;<>?@ABCDEFGIJKLMNPQRSV 2IhZAQS T{}/=HOTU T|  $+2!!!T  # AA@0(  B S  ?DdG#Ed#FdTG# " (B*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagscountry-region9*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsplace HZ>BJLmp{ #CGkls"flvE`l-=J]^`b%'6=tw  " + 8 D R 3 8 R S   ! ' ) + - 5 8 9 A B J ` a i q      & ' ( ) + , 3 4 9 ; < E a c q r { ;CKR[b$%(+-5:BDNRTZfhnpt#+8BCKNRTbc|~ #,BHnp"$GRnq  "(47;@ABCDFJPS]`bhnq| ;>DGKPVYefhnpv| $(+,3>AZ\]bciqs|}?BY`x  0;ACgp~IRSVfy.6;=,8=@JP^kIS@A\b    T ] !5!6!_!b!!!!!!!A"B"G"H"m"{"""""""#"#Z#f#######z$$$$$$$$% %=%>%%%%%%%\&]&&&,'7'Z'['f's'{'''''''''' ((K(L([(\(b(d((((())))')*)3)4)@)C)`)c)))))))**++M,N,X,`,m,x,,,,,----------------. ...$.(.3.6.q.s.....////>0@0A0G0t000000000011(2)22222&333C3D3`3i3s3t33333333333V4Z44444 5 55555556666m6|6666666(7,7175797@7T7`7{777777778888=8>8888899999999::;;;<X<Y<<<==T=_=q=t=========> >!>$>>>*?,?????????,-56@AAAAAA&3O?O@OwOxOOOOOOOOOPPP PePhPPPPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQQQ*R1RRRRRRRtSuSSSTThTmTuTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTU&UiUlUUUUUUUUUsVuVVVVVVV W!WIWKWhWlWWWWWWWWWWWW XX'X*XkXrXXXXXYYYY%Y&Y'Y(YYYYYVZYZZZZZZZZZZZZZN[O[Z[[[p[q[[[[[[[k\v\\\E]F]V]W]^]_]j]k]]]]]]]]^*^0^4^5^^^^^^^"_#_\___f_j________________```` `5`7`_`f`````a aAaIaqasaaaaaaaaabbbbbbbbbbbbbc'c2cachccccccc*d2dBdIdddsexeeeeeeehfifffffffff ggUgXg_g`ggggggggggggggg h hhh!h"h%h>h?hhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i i iiii%i&i0i>?Ͼ龱۾ھ澱⾱iiiijjjj&01ʰkkkkkkkkkk"#llllll%46?mmmmmmmmmm$%'nnnnoopppppppppppppppqqqܰrrʱrrss0?͏Ώ789@HIMRTWXِߐّitz’6=U]^crtѓғݓ8 LMZ[ps?AFHLMOPTUVZuxҗӗٗۗ+23BCLNVq|ϘҘܘ RXBCDFƝǝѝҝ:;=>FHMNw ,şƟ 9;>ETUbdmnĠƠΠРȡΡݡ#$ɢʢ΢Ϣ%&,0ĥͥ;IZ`jtu|¦ǦЦצ,/?E^a "UWceǨҨOT^`<CĪʪ˪ͪЪҪԪwxovجܬ :=­Эحڭ/<ILiqwz{|ƮѮ #$Ͱΰְװް)*78\]bclnpqHIJKRS^_jkóʳCNݴMNht¶ef_`<CFGqr͹Ϲչ׹"),6@J_bϺպ '9:BCxyy4578HKDU¿пѿst /0>Gij%qr jlpqwx{|  !& '( 7>&7<_{&AF R\qs lmnu7AFH;NO\du+.;J\d %&*+DGpqu|}~3489QT +pt9v+,89`a$%*7bcop}IJLn ns17GJST_`"#fj ?C!$+,9@ACHuy +EIJLUY Ew  R ) : d!"ghA  T U ]!!6""""# $$%%.&''d(),,\-..=0>0022r3444556778m9=:;;>,?-@@AdCCCCCF[G`GJHOH]HII0M6MMMNNNKOPPPQQ+RRRSSSVWXD[[E]]K^]__`abbcFcbceffVgggdhh[iiajbjjmkkkmmppp?qrrurvr0t1tJvwyzzzC{|~|||}~XYȀ+Ɂс/9˂̂υltqFG͏Ώtݓޓǔ NQR=ݡޡ*!"S9:p|Ů/԰*4nH)gh\>Gc\ j) %.8(l>no{|}~ S"{+[3333Bp'w0045hMM__xxz9 + #G5=K9 A>25B-|l-gI'P6-~[>~O.og5` d+Ь ?cР|>IkΘA838$iWs'ղ#46Lm!=O&<,r) s\<0*ac2D-64s /SHM;v M;dB|}@&(DsE~4zFz>JrbO^BZpbR[/+]/&!cxnRdF8 _f (N/mgi, Wl,/$5ohro:vjQy\F'hm{vd`| ;}hΘ ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(hh^h`o(. dPd^d`P56o(..^`o(...x^`xo(....  ^`o( .....  X@ ^ `Xo( ......  ^ `o(....... 8x^`8o(........ `H^``o(.........hh^h`sH .88^8`.L^`L.  ^ `.  ^ `.xLx^x`L.HH^H`.^`.L^`L.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o(-^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.hhh^h`o(P^`Po(3.1.^`o(...x^`xo(....  ^`o( .....  X@ ^ `Xo( ......  ^ `o(....... 8x^`8o(........ `H^``o(......... hh^h`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L. ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(^`.^`.pp^p`.@ @ ^@ `.^`.^`.^`.^`.PP^P`.^`CJOJQJ^Jo(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`.^`.pp^p`.@ @ ^@ `.^`.^`.^`.^`.PP^P`.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.Te^T`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.  ^ `o(^`o(.  ^ `o(..W W ^W `o(... HH^H`o( ....   ^ `o( ..... 8`8^8``o( ...... `^``o(....... `^``o(........^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L. ^`OJQJo(^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.hh^h`)^`)88^8`)^`()^`()pp^p`()  ^ `.@ @ ^@ `.  ^ `.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o(.^`.pL^p`L.@ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PL^P`L.^`o(.^`.pL^p`L.@ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PL^P`L.^`o()^`.pL^p`L.@ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PL^P`L.^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L. hh^h`OJQJo(88^8`OJ QJ ^J o(o ^`OJ QJ o(   ^ `OJQJo(  ^ `OJ QJ ^J o(o xx^x`OJ QJ o( HH^H`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(h^h`OJPJQJ^J)8^8`.L^`L. ^ `. ^ `.xL^x`L.H^H`.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.^`o()^`. L^ `L.\ ^\ `.,^,`.L^`L.^`.^`.lL^l`L.^`o(.^`OJ QJ ^J o(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(Th^T`56CJ\]aJ.^`5o(.^`.pL^p`L.@ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PL^P`L.^`o(.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L. ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o pp^p`OJ QJ o( @ @ ^@ `OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o ^`OJ QJ o( ^`OJQJo(^`OJ QJ ^J o(o PP^P`OJ QJ o(hh^h`o(.P^`Po(..^`o(...x^`xo(....  ^`o( .....  X@ ^ `Xo( ......  ^ `o(....... 8x^`8o(........ `H^``o(.........^`.^`.pLp^p`L.@ @ ^@ `.^`.L^`L.^`.^`.PLP^P`L.-g5` O}&u$srejr)~[>bkVy#}@&!cgI'`|?cim!c2D-sE ;}Oz>Jys /M;4zF'hm{8| _f|HM;+]AronRd\<0*/$5o/mgbR[ Wl:vBZO--|$8F$wbX{ |$2i1PqZd  v;n#B*CFRb@!~a^US&b\S}JUjHf5|$1H|$H[ NJUj|$rQEa.^|9Z~&YLbNHv 2 X w 0 p 2= y] k F y[:@"scq{)l7uGuUss9 g0;$DooJ{*A 0 " a!&!V!"""r")"G"H" #|#H$s$}%N%&e&) '>G'P'{(++!+R+,/,9-..:.1f.G0'1X 3I'3Q3{3S"5T5a5u53#7}8=8?8 9N*9`9/:;0;Y`;Dl;W ==U>a>'@KX@z@8A_AkAZBC7CD~jEQFzJH#IaqIEM9N0kNltNOqTO&R}RSS+SKSYSjSWTQTVTjT#Vt+V'rVf6W6WQWW XtGXXwYZZz[\m]oI^)_-S_e_r_`X`.dev fL9f|bfg;,g/gh-^h(jbj1lDm Qm;uop r;0r^sXt`uc;x+y7y>dyz{8|s|t{|}rW}9~a~i~~jci*.Z24z]DaBba)v X|%Y28I|M<zVf+H%E6KZ,fnq'*4f* I6KXb]h L TMC`}(E?}P# 4+rO[& <Hj7%LQ8GeK c;\sT x_hE;LO h.A<D1NkCnpA]f SLyvb3`Ey}:]`c=O>eLL7I&00-C{,$;QA1x48[(/Z sir2G_{4YkISq ~^U[>e^Sh)`hDDU!pn 0K_1Pt[b'Q#Z@mc.c j`b &~AjhCzw!0@X[ H`cgiu"$&(*:hUnknown Gz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z ArialG5  hMS Mincho-3 fgA& Arial Narrow5+mn-ea5+mn-csWinheritTimes New RomanWR PetersburgCCourier New5& zaTahoma;& z Helvetica?5 z Courier New;Wingdings"1htՆC&0#x0#x!7S4KK 2qHX ?f)/ % " !" "+0<0 #G5=K9 A>25B-                     (     ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , Oh+'0  4 @ L Xdlt|  Normal 24Microsoft Word 10.0@@Fu@l@́0#՜.+,0  hp  HomexKA     !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry Fq1TableXWordDocument;SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjj  F Microsoft Word MSWordDocWord.Document.89q